Vacant Homes vs. Homelessness In the U.S. - United Way NCA (2024)

For many Americans, finding affordable housing continues to be a challenge, whether you’re renting or buying. In today’s real estate market, many overpriced homes sit vacant while populations experiencing homelessness continue to grow. In this study, we took a closer look at data from the U.S. Census and the Department of Housing & Urban Development (HUD) to compare the number of people experiencing homelessness to the number of vacant housing units in 100 major cities across the country. Continue reading to learn more about which cities have the highest risk of homelessness in America.

Key Findings

  • Over 580,000 Americans are experiencing homelessness. There are currently 28 vacant homes for every one person experiencing homelessness in the U.S.
  • While cities like New York City, Los Angeles and Seattle have some of the largest unhoused populations in the country, Detroit has the most vacant homes per unhoused person–116 empty homes per unhoused person.
  • Syracuse, New York has the second-most vacant homes per unhoused person–110 vacant homes per unhoused person.
  • San Jose, California has the highest population of Gen-Z youth experiencing homelessness with nearly 85 unhoused Gen-Zers for every 100,000 residents.
  • Pacific Islander and Black Americans are the populations most at risk to experience homelessness.

Analyzing the Number of Vacant Homes Per Unhoused Person by City

Vacant Homes vs. Homelessness In the U.S. - United Way NCA (1)

Sixteen million homes currently sit vacant across the U.S. In every state across the country, many homes remain empty while hundreds of thousands of Americans face homelessness. Vacant homes and buildings often succumb to the elements and deteriorate due to leaks, damage and general lack of maintenance before ever finding a buyer willing to pay their inflated prices. An abundance of vacant homes on the market are also attributed to rising rent and home prices.

While cities like New York City, Los Angeles and Seattle have some of the largest unhoused populations in the country, Detroit has the most vacant homes per unhoused person–116 empty homes per unhoused person. This is a sobering insight given there are four to five vacant homes per unhoused person in cities like Oakland, California and Portland, Oregon. This disparity is not unique to Detroit, as many cities across the U.S. have a significant number of vacant homes while also struggling with homelessness.

Just a few hours from the Big Apple, Syracuse, New York has the second-most vacant homes per unhoused person–110 vacant properties per unhoused person. In the Syracuse metro area, over 68,000 homes are either uninhabited or on the market, but not yet sold or rented, according to the U.S. Census.

While cities like Syracuse and Detroit have a staggering number of vacant housing units per unhoused person, the largest populations experiencing homelessness are in the American West. Both Los Angeles and San Jose, California, have two of the largest populations experiencing homelessness in the country, including many unhoused people between the ages of 18 and 24. What’s more, apart from New York City, Los Angeles has more families experiencing homelessness than any other city in the U.S.

In the Midwest, there are over 50 vacant houses per unhoused person in Chicago, Illinois. Chicago has a total of 307,284 vacant homes, an increase of nearly 22,500 homes since the 2010 Census was conducted. Nearly 10% of roughly 3,000,000 homes in Chicago remain vacant as the unhoused population continues to grow.

Cities With the Most Unhoused Young Adults

Hover over each plot point to find the number of unhoused youth, 18 to 24 years old and under 18, in each city.

Every year, a significant number of young people in the United States experience some form of homelessness, although there are more than enough vacant homes to resolve the issue. According to the National Network for Youth, this problem disproportionately affects young people of color, with Black youth facing an 83% increased risk and Latino youth facing a 33% increased risk of homelessness compared to their white counterparts.

San Jose, California has the highest population of unhoused Gen-Z youth (aged 18 to 24) in the country, with nearly 85 unhoused Gen-Zers for every 100,000 residents. San Jose has nearly 50 more persons experiencing homelessness aged 18 to 24 than the second-highest city on the list, New York City, highlighting the need for more effective solutions to address youth homelessness in this area, particularly for young people of color.

New York, Los Angeles, Honolulu and Seattle round out the top five cities for unhoused Gen-Zers per 100,000 residents.

The State of Homelessness in the U.S.

Vacant Homes vs. Homelessness In the U.S. - United Way NCA (2)

To round out our study, we took a deep dive into the current state of homelessness in the U.S. using HUD data. Here’s what we found:

  • Over 580,000 people currently experience homelessness in the U.S. and the unhoused population grew by nearly 5% between 2018 and 2020.
  • The three U.S. cities with the largest unhoused populations include New York City (78,000), Los Angeles (64,000) and Seattle (12,000).
  • The populations at greatest risk of homelessness are Pacific Islander and Black communities.

The white population is the largest in the U.S. with the largest unhoused population (280,612 homeless), but when we position each race’s population experiencing homelessness against their overall population, we can see that the Pacific Islander and Black communities are the racial groups hit hardest by homelessness.

Full Data

Interested in diving deeper into the numbers, or wanting to see how your city stacks up? We’ve compiled our full data study for all 100 U.S. cities analyzed into the interactive data table below. Search for the city you call home or click on the heading of each column to sort by that category.

Closing Thoughts

While the causes of homelessness and vacant homes are complex, it’s clear that addressing these issues will require a comprehensive and compassionate approach. Possible solutions to fight the disparity between the two include increasing funding for affordable housing and homeless services, implementing policies that address discrimination and systemic barriers, and finding innovative solutions to repurpose vacant homes to provide housing for those in need.

United Way NCA’s ALICE Lives Here initiative addresses the issues of inequity related to housing in addition to employment, education, health, food access and financial stability in the National Capital Area. The program aims to raise awareness about the everyday struggles faced by households above the Federal Poverty Line who still cannot afford necessities such as housing, food, health care and child care. The goal of the initiative is to make the National Capital Area a better place to live for all residents by addressing these issues and working toward a more equitable community.

Methodology

To determine the number of vacant homes per unhoused person in 100 of America’s largest cities, we pulled the most updated number of people experiencing homelessness in each city from the Department of Housing and Urban Development and the number of vacant housing units in each city from the U.S. Census’s American Community Survey. We then divided the number of vacant units by the number of unhoused people in each city to find the number of vacant homes per person experiencing homelessness. We found all homelessness statistics by race, age and geography using data from the Department of Housing and Urban Development.

Vacant Homes vs. Homelessness In the U.S. - United Way NCA (2024)

FAQs

Vacant Homes vs. Homelessness In the U.S. - United Way NCA? ›

Sixteen million homes currently sit vacant across the U.S. In every state across the country, many homes remain empty while hundreds of thousands of Americans face homelessness.

What rate of houses in the United States nationally are vacant? ›

Highlights: The vacancy rate declined nationally from 2009 to 2021, from 14.5% to 10.8%.

What is the difference between homelessness and houselessness? ›

For years, homeless or homelessness has been the standard term used by governments to describe people living without stable or permanent shelter. However, in recent years there has been a shift to move away from this term in favour of houselessness or unhoused.

What's the politically correct term for homeless? ›

According to Bonikowski, in media coverage and literature, words like 'unhoused' and 'unsheltered' are often used with more positive connotations than 'homeless,' such as referring to “unhoused neighbors.” Referring to people “experiencing homelessness” or being unhoused or unsheltered can imply a worldview that sees ...

What is the new term for homeless? ›

More and more people are turning away from the most common term, “homeless,” in favor of alternatives like houseless, unhoused, unsheltered, and many more variations. This might confuse the casual observer about the difference between these terms and which one they should use.

What percentage of the U.S. economy is housing? ›

Historically, RFI has averaged roughly 5% of GDP while housing services have averaged between 12% and 13%, for a combined 17% to 18% of GDP. These shares tend to vary over the business cycle.

How many people in the U.S. are in a housing shortage? ›

According to a report from the National Multifamily Housing Council, the U.S. will be 4.3 million apartments short of meeting the demand for housing by 2035.

Why is it now houseless instead of homeless? ›

More frequently, the word houseless is used in place of homeless. The reason is the important distinction between a house and a home. People described as homeless are not necessarily without homes.

What are the 4 types of homelessness? ›

Within the homeless definition there are four categories of homelessness:
  • Literally Homeless.
  • Imminent Risk of Homelessness.
  • Homeless Under Other Federal Statutes.
  • Fleeing/Attempting to Flee Domestic Violence.

Is the word hobo offensive? ›

Be careful when you call a vagrant or homeless person a hobo — although this is exactly what the word means, it is a somewhat offensive term. The end of the nineteenth century brought the start of the word hobo in the Western United States.

What is hidden homelessness? ›

In their annual Homelessness Monitor publication, Crisis defines "hidden" homelessness as people who may be considered homeless but whose housing situation is not "visible" on the streets or in official statistics.

What is the difference between homeless and homelessness? ›

When we use the term “homeless,” we're implying that there is no hope for change. But when we say someone is currently “experiencing homelessness,” we're implying that it's something they won't experience forever.

What is the McKinney Vento Act definition of homelessness? ›

The McKinney-Vento Act defines homeless children and youth as individuals who lack a fixed, regular, and adequate nighttime residence. This definition also includes: Children and youth who are sharing the housing of other persons due to loss of housing, economic hardship, or a similar reason.

What does unhoused mean? ›

: not having a dwelling place or shelter : homeless. unhoused people.

Is there enough housing in the US for everyone? ›

The United States is not building enough homes to account for the number of people setting up their own households. As a result, there is a sizable shortage of new homes after more than a decade of under-building relative to population growth, according to a new analysis from Realtor.com released Wednesday.

Is most housing in the US subsidized? ›

In most American cities, the proportion of subsidized housing is even lower. Nationwide, direct government subsidies cover less than 4 percent of America's housing stock in contrast to 15 percent to 40 percent in Western Europe.

Is the US housing market declining? ›

Revised Housing Market Forecast

Although home prices are expected to improve in the second half of the year, the California median home price is projected to decrease by 5.6 percent to $776,600 in 2023, down from the median price of $822,300 recorded in 2022.

What state has the worst housing shortage? ›

Story at a glance

California currently has the largest deficit of homes at 980,000.

What is the root cause of the US housing shortage? ›

The housing market's crash during the Great Recession led the industry to pull back on construction for many years, and materials and labor shortages during the height of the pandemic fueled another slowdown.

Where is biggest housing shortage in US? ›

The 10 Markets With the Greatest Need for New Housing
RankMarketNew Units Needed/Year
1New York City10,000
2Dallas – Fort Worth19,000
3Houston15,000
4Los Angeles6,000
6 more rows
Feb 24, 2023

Why are there so many homeless in USA? ›

The major causes of homelessness include: Lack of sufficient urban housing projects to provide safe, secure, and affordable housing to the financially underprivileged. Additionally for low wage workers rents can be unaffordable in areas where their workplace is located.

Why has homelessness gotten worse? ›

Homelessness, then, is a supply-and-demand problem. Without enough housing, not everyone has a place to live. And the homes that do exist cost more as people compete for limited supply. So more people are priced out, and more end up homeless.

Why are homeless people living on the street? ›

People become homeless for lots of different reasons. There are social causes of homelessness, such as a lack of affordable housing, poverty and unemployment; and life events which push people into homelessness. People are forced into homelessness when they leave prison, care or the army with no home to go to.

What is the biggest predictor of homelessness? ›

Across the country, housing market factors more consistently predicted rates of total homelessness than other economic factors. This finding is consistent with what many communities have experienced—increases in homelessness where rents are high.

Does couch surfing count as homeless? ›

Couch surfing as homelessness

Couch surfing is also considered a form of homelessness. It is the most common type of homelessness amongst youth. It can be a result of substance abuse, conflict in home relationships, or aftermath of leaving abusive situations.

What group has the highest rate of homelessness? ›

Racial minorities experience homelessness at a disproportionate rate. For example, black or African Americans make up 13% of the general population but 40% of the homeless population. Indigenous people across the country continue to experience homelessness at even higher rates.

What are the 3 main root causes of homelessness? ›

Unemployment. Poverty. Low wages. Mental illness and the lack of needed services (Single adult individuals)

Which state has the most homeless? ›

California, New York, Florida and Washington had the most homeless people in 2022, according to the Annual Homeless Assessment Report. The four states accounted for more than half of the nation's homeless population, with 30% of the total living in California alone.

What are examples of hidden homelessness? ›

Hidden homelessness refers to people who live temporarily with friends, family or strangers or in temporary accommodations with no long-term housing security. Hidden homelessness affects a wide range of people inducing: single mothers with children living with grandparents. couch-surfing seasonal workers.

What is a male hobo called? ›

Tramps and hobos are commonly lumped together, but in their own sight they are sharply differentiated. A hobo or bo is simply a migratory laborer; he may take some longish holidays, but soon or late he returns to work. A tramp never works if it can be avoided; he simply travels.

What do you call a female hobo? ›

bo-ette - a female hobo.

What is a nickname for a hobo? ›

Boes - A slang term for hobo. Bogyman or bogeyman - A goblin, bug bear, a hobgoblin.

Who has the least homeless in the world? ›

At 0.003% or roughly 1 homeless person per 34,000 residents, Japan is the country with the world's lowest rate of homelessness. Moreover, with a population of around 125.7 million people, the country also has one of the lowest numbers of homeless people.

What is the hardest part of being homeless? ›

Social isolation and risk of incarceration

Clearly, living without material comforts is only one part of the plight. The mental struggle caused by isolation and abuse is often an even more difficult burden to bear.

What city has the most homeless? ›

In 2022, Los Angeles had the nation's largest homeless population. About 582,000 Americans are experiencing homelessness, according to 2022 Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) data.

What is the euphemism for homeless people? ›

“Street People”, “Transients”, “Bums”
  • Those living on the street.
  • Neighbors living on the street.
  • Individuals living on the street“
Oct 4, 2021

What do they call homeless in Portland? ›

PORTLAND, Ore. — KGW viewers have noticed in recent years a change in our wording referencing the homeless community. We still use the word "homeless" in our reporting, but we have also started using "houseless."

What are the two requirements of the McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act of 1987? ›

How does McKinney-Vento define homelessness? The McKinney-Vento Act defines homeless children as “individuals who lack a fixed, regular, and adequate nighttime residence.” This definition includes (but is not limited to) children who are: sharing housing due to economic hardship or loss of housing (e.g. doubled-up)

What is a homeless child called? ›

Some other terms that are typically used when talking about runaway youth and youth experiencing homelessness include throwaway youth, runaway youth, street youth, and systems youth.

Why is the McKinney-Vento Act important? ›

The McKinney-Vento Act ensures educational rights and protections for homeless children and youth. Various living arrangements meet the McKinney- Vento definition of homeless, thereby qualifying the child or youth as eligible for services under the Act.

Are homeless and houseless the same thing? ›

For years, homeless or homelessness has been the standard term used by governments to describe people living without stable or permanent shelter. However, in recent years there has been a shift to move away from this term in favour of houselessness or unhoused.

How many Americans are currently unhoused? ›

Following a period of limited data, the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) recently completed its first comprehensive Annual Homelessness Assessment Report (AHAR) in two years. It found that nearly 600,000 Americans are unhoused on any night – a slight increase over pre-COVID numbers.

What percentage of houses are empty? ›

According to the report, 8.7% of California's housing stock is vacant. That comes out to about 1.2 million empty units. Only Florida has more empty homes, with about 1.7 million vacant units. Just because a home is vacant doesn't mean it's rotting away.

Is the U.S. housing market declining? ›

Revised Housing Market Forecast

Although home prices are expected to improve in the second half of the year, the California median home price is projected to decrease by 5.6 percent to $776,600 in 2023, down from the median price of $822,300 recorded in 2022.

What percentage of homeowners have no mortgage? ›

Yet no-mortgage owners in California are only 33% of all homeowners – and only four places have a smaller share: D.C. at 24%, Maryland at 28% and Colorado and Utah at 30%.

Is the U.S. population growing or housing growth? ›

Home construction has not kept pace with population growth over the past 20 years. Last year, 912,000 single-family homes were built, according to building permit data from the US Census. The US population grew by more than 3 million people in that time. Since 2006, home construction has decreased by 55% nationwide.

What percentage of U.S. homes are detached? ›

The US preference for detached housing remains strong, according to the newest data just released in the 2014 American Community Survey, by the United States Census Bureau. In 2014, detached house and represented 82.4 percent of owned housing in the United States.

What city has the most abandoned homes? ›

Here's a look at 15 cities in the U.S. that have the most vacant homes, per 24/7 Wall St.
  • Gary, Indiana:19.4%
  • Hilton Head Island, South Carolina: 16.9%
  • Flint, Michigan: 15.7%
  • Detroit, Michigan: 11.2%
  • Baltimore, Maryland: 8.1%
  • Kansas City, Missouri: 5.6%
  • Birmingham, Alabama: 5.5%
  • Mobile, Alabama: 5.1%
May 29, 2019

What percentage of homeowners are house poor? ›

More than one quarter of homeowners in the United States are “house poor,” spending more than 30 percent of their income on housing costs, according to a new study.

What is the biggest drop in housing prices in the US? ›

Home prices in March saw the biggest annual drop since 2012 as pending home sales continue to abate, according to a new report. Last month, median U.S. home prices dropped — led by pandemic boomtowns and pricey Bay Area markets — by 3.3% to $400,528, according to real estate brokerage Redfin.

When was the last housing market crash in USA? ›

What Caused the Financial Crisis of 2008? The growth of predatory mortgage lending, unregulated markets, a massive amount of consumer debt, the creation of "toxic" assets, the collapse of home prices, and more contributed to the financial crisis of 2008.

Will the US housing market decline to worsen in 2023? ›

Experts are predicting another 10% to 15% drop by the second or third quarter of 2023, according to multiple sources. Several other factors point to a further home price correction.

How many Americans are debt-free? ›

Fewer than one quarter of American households live debt-free.

How many Americans own their homes free and clear? ›

A third of California homeowners own their properties free and clear. Nearly 2.4 million homeowners across the state in 2021 had no property mortgage, the third highest among the states and Washington, D.C., the Orange County Register reported.

Is paying your house off smart? ›

Paying off your mortgage early can save you a lot of money in the long run. Even a small extra monthly payment can allow you to own your home sooner. Make sure you have an emergency fund before you put your money toward your loan.

What is the fastest growing part of the US population? ›

The Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX metro area had the highest numeric increase in population between 2021 and 2022 of any U.S. metro area, with an annual jump of 170,396 people, followed by the Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land, TX metro area which added 124,281 residents over the same time period.

Is the US population increasing decreasing or staying the same? ›

DEC. 22, 2022 – After a historically low rate of change between 2020 and 2021, the U.S. resident population increased by 0.4%, or 1,256,003, to 333,287,557 in 2022, according to the U.S. Census Bureau's Vintage 2022 national and state population estimates and components of change released today.

What state in the US has the fastest growing population? ›

Florida is the fastest-growing state in America for the first time since 1957, according to the U.S. Census Bureau. The population in the southeastern state, which is known for its warm weather and sandy beaches, now tops 22 million.

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