Who Makes the Best Quality Steel in the World? Simple Question? Or Did I Just Not Ask the Right Question? - Oishii Desu "It's Delicious" (2024)

Featured image by Třinecké železárny of the Třinec Iron and Steel Works

I Googled the hell out of this topic, and I could only find what seems to be “who produces the most steel,” which would be like saying McDonald’s is the highest quality burger because they sold over 300 billion burgers.

When it comes to marketing, many businesses will generically tout “high-quality” and seldomly support that claim with what makes it the “best quality” by citing a metric, which is poor marketing. I also assume when it comes to steel, it is not who produces the most that make it the best, just like McDonald’s is not the best quality burger due to the number of sales, right? If you agree, you would also most likely agree that McDonald’s excels at consistency.

What do I know? Not much. So why read this post?

Because, currently Google has no answer to “which country produces the best steel,” and it is an example of why Google needs us humans. It relies on us to sort the information of the world into useful bits that fit the63,000 search queries it gets every second(via Hubspot). I also expect when the sun is blocked, Google will also need us human batteries to power it into the future.

I want to know which country has the highest quality steel in terms of consistency in their manufacturing to the types of alloy steel (specific to their intended use).Because China is a dominant leader in production, except I doubt like McDonald’s, they are producing the best steel?

“Except I doubt” is why I work even harder to go against my assumptions because it is not data/fact based.

I wanted to know who produces the best steel in the cutlery market

Mainly kitchen knives because, overwhelmingly, the Japanese and Germans seem to dominate the market, and Swiss steel is that refreshing third option, like Swedish meatballs in microwavable dinners. Although,I wanted to know if these three countries exemplify the best cutlery steel.

I have German (hefty and durable) and Japanese (lite, precise, and ultra-sharp) knivesbecause they make great complementary companions in a kitchen.

I was going to say “allies,” but given history, well you know.

Many times you will not even know the country of origin unless you are familiar with the types of steel brands which may have obscure names like:

• ACUTO440, AUS-8, AUS-10, Gingami No. 3, Shirogami 1/2/3 and Aogami 1/2 (white and blue steel), SLD, VG-1, VG-10, or R-2, HAP-40, Cowry X, ZDP-189, are a few Japanese steels by Aichi steel, Hitachi Metals, Daido Steel Co., Kobelco, Takefu Special Steel Co. Ltd.
• X45CrMoV15 and x50CrMoV15 (Thyssenkrupp), are popular types of German steel. For powdered metallurgy (tool steel), the Austrian company Bohler, and their Microclean (M390).
• Swedish steel (SSAB), simply and nicely stated as just that, but it is too bad the IKEA RIKTIG ÖGLA and FLÄRDFULL are not as simply named.
• American steel, 154CM, CPM-M4, CPM-D2, and CPM S30V are only a few of the specialized steels by Crucible Industries. The other, for powdered metallurgy is Carpenter (CTS-steels) which was founded inReading, Pennsylvaniaon June 7, 1889.

Now, onto the basics.

What is steel?

“Iron is made by removing oxygen and other impurities from iron ore. When iron is combined with carbon, recycled steel and small amounts of other elements it becomes steel.”

Worldsteel.org is the non-profit organization with offices in Brussels and Beijing.

Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon containing less than 2% carbon and 1% manganese and small amounts of silicon, phosphorus, sulphur and oxygen (in case you are not the type to rounds things up, the range is listed below):

• 97.9-99.998% iron
• 2.1-0.002% carbon
• Add in chromium and you have stainless steel. One source (Aperam) cites upwards of 11%, but the USGS stipulates 18%. Although the most common is 304 which is 16-24% and the second most common is 316 which additionally contains 2 to 3 percent molybdenum content (Reliance Foundry).

The four types of steel

The focus of this blog post will be on alloy steel although here are the three other types of steel:

1. Carbon steel: low .30% of carbon, medium at .60%, and high at 1.5%
2. Alloy steel: combining carbon steel with varying amounts of chromium, cobalt, molybdenum,nickel, tungsten, or vanadium.
3. Stainless steel: adding chromium to steel (it also gets you some 26″ DUB wheels).
4. Tool steel: hard and both heat and scrape resistant.

Tensile, compressive, yield, and impact strength represent the types of metal strength.

For the full definition of which each means, you will have to visit Thyssenkrupp materials (UK).

The three largest steel companies in the world

Via FirmsWorld
Largest Steel Companies 2020 (for the full top 10, you will have to go to FirmsWorld)

1. ArcelorMittal: Indian-owned, Mittal Steel is a Luxembourgian multinational
   steel manufacturing corporation headquarteredin Luxembourg City.
2. China Baowu Group commonly known as Baowu, is a state-owned
   iron and steel company headquartered in the Baosteel Tower in Pudong,
   Shanghai, China.
3. Nippon Steel Corporationwas formed in 2012 by the merger of the
   old Nippon Steel and Sumitomo Metal.

Here are the top five steel producers in the world

I did not want to rely on just one source, so I compiled three different sources with links directly to the resource below.

In the US, upwards of 60% (EPA) of ferrous metal (iron and steel) is recycled and 93% of structural steel in the United States is steel scrap (AISC).

This is where the 200,000 tons of steel from New York’s twin towers went (via The Atlantic).

Depending on which industry you are in, their might be 3 or 5 metrics of how you define quality

For my simpleton brain, I am not seeking out who produces the most steel because that information is already widely available, and I want to know who produces the highest quality steel:

Quality: “the standard of something as measured against other things of a similar kind; the degree of excellence of something.”

– The Oxford dictionary

1. Consistency and or purity of steel (highly refined) and I think McDonald’s scores high in this category.
2. Range (variation of alloys) and grades of steel for cutlery.

What are the hardest metals on Earth

If you want to know all the details of the metals, you will have to go to BorTec, a German company for (boriding) wear protection.

1. Tungsten
2. Iridium
3. Osmium
4. Chromium
5. Titanium

Avoiding cutlery sites as a primary reference

During my search, the vast majority of the results were cutlery resources, so the validity of their content I find questionable, which is why I sought out metal industry-related sources or third-party media sources. Except, they are also not completely free of the influence of money.

Which country has the best steel

I changed my tactic to searching for the quality of steel by country, and I searched deep, meaning past page one and with multiple phrases, and long-tail searches.

I am merely comparing steel production quality by country, so I am not solely targeting an intended application such as tool steel or structural steel. Although, I will ultimately be trying to determine the quality of steel for cutlery.

The steel industry at-large should give some insight into niche applications like cutlery.

Is American steel good?

According to Marlin Steel, the American steel industry has shrunk over the past few decades, but is still heavily used in construction and transportation.

Carpenter Steel Company dates back to 1896 and their armor-piercing projectiles during the Spanish-American war were highly praised.

The vast majority of the results were for structural steel, but there are several companies, such as Carpenter and Crucible industries who are well known for their steel and alloys used in the aerospace, defense, and machine tool industries.

• Marlin Steel Wire Products, Baltimore, MD, Why Buy American Steel? “American steel is subjected to rigorous safety tests not required in other countries, especially for steel used in the manufacturing and construction industries. In terms of safety and reliability, American steel is superior.”
• In case you were wondering where American steel is produced, we have Northwest Indiana to thank for that. “Indiana continues to lead the nation in steel production. Our partners at The Times of Northwest Indiana report Indiana produced 21.6 million tons of steel in 2020, which is down from 24.7 million the previous year, but accounts for 27% of the nation’s steel production.” Via InsideIndianaBusiness “Indiana Again Tops U.S. in Steel Production.“

Is Chinese steel good?

This is the one result where an overwhelming amount of negative results came up which were warnings of cheap steel, fraud, and “poor quality” due to low standards and no rigorous testing that American steel would go through.

A lot of content by American builders, so I had to dig for content that was potentially not skewed. I did find that, and the counter to the negative is on Quora which gives you a possibly slightly bigger picture on Chinese steel quality.

Like any massively emerging market, it is harder to regulate and manage (the over 3,000 steel plants in 2010 via Reuters), so customers have to do their due diligence to test every batch for their properties (both Korea and Japan went through the same growing pains).

• CDMG, A subsidiary of theSTEVENSfamily of companies, CDMG offers full-service, multi-discipline engineering, project management, and construction management services for projects nationwide. This company is based out of Canonsburg, PA, and they cite “Chinese Steel is Unsafe and Should Not Be Used for Your Metal Building.“
• General Steel, Littleton, CO: American Steel vs Chinese Steel, “Quality Issues: American steel requires some rigorous testing before it can be sold, but Chinese companies are not required to conduct these tests. These tests help keep buildingsstanding after a hurricaneor earthquake and help prevent the steel from becoming brittle and beginning to crack when it is being welded.”
• Quora, “Why does someone always say that Chinese steel is really bad? What has he/she been through?“: the contributors give a slightly more positive picture because several individuals have positive things about Chinese steel from a former “Machine Design Engineer” and a former “steel worker, USW Certified Millwright.” Out of the contributors, one individual cites that back in the day, both Japan and Korea had a lack of oversight which resulted in poor quality products, just like what is currently happening in China. The other says the finish might not be dirty and rusty, but that problem is easily remedied with pickling lines, and Chinese steel by far beats “porous” Russian steel.
• Rachel Tang, Congressional Research Service, September 21, 2010, China’s Steel Industry and Its Impact on the United States: Issues for Congress (PDF). This report provides an overview of China’s steel industry and discusses the issues and implications with regard to the U.S. steel sector.

Is German steel good?

Out of all the search inquiries, the vast majority of results were not about the German steel industry since it is small global competitor, so almost every result is cutlery specific.

Germany’s annual manufacturing of steel is around 40 million tons of crude steel, and Germany is the largest steel manufacturer in the European Union and the seventh largest in the world. – IBIS World.

I can imagine hearing Aussie Farmer Hoggett(Babe the Pig) say “that’ll do” when he saw that Henckels and Messermeister were using X50CrMoV15 (aka 1.4116 and 420MoV). So if you are looking for a German kitchen knife, it is a popular steel used by several German cutlery brands because that’ll do.

• The only “branded” German steel I could find was X50CrMoV15 a stainless steel by ThyssenKrupp, and I assume the rest are proprietary? Not finding branded steel, does not mean Germany does not have a large steel industry, and here are their 50 largest companies (BoldData.nl).
• Searching by brand yielded a little more specifics such as “what kind of steel does Zwilling use:” the answer is the above steel, along with X45CrMoV15 (a more affordable steel compared to “X50”). The other was “what kind of steel does Messermeister use” which is also X50CrMoV15 (a carbon, vanadium and chromium alloy).

Is Japanese steel good?

Nippon Steel touts: 1,000-N grade steel is the world’s strongest ultra high strength steel for building structures that was developed to improve the earthquake resistance of buildings. So that ought to count for something? Along with several sources citing the Japanese for consistency.

1000-N has approximately 2.7 times the yield strength (*2) of conventional 490-N grade steel.

The Japanese are very good at quality control, and you can read about it on ScienceDirect.com or the Washington Posts article “What Japan Taught Us About Quality,” but Kevin Steinberger via Quora, a resident of Japan since 2007 said it best, “that’s because they care.”

• Nippon Steel “World’s Strongest Ultra High Strength 1,000-N Grade Steel for Building Structures Adopted at Obayashi Corporation’s Technical Research Institute,” Sep. 11, 2014.
• ResearchGate.net, Application of 1000N Class Ultra-high Strength Steel to the Building. 4 individuals from Nippon Steel & Sumitomo, Metal Co., Tokyo, JAPAN, and a professor from Kobe University in Kobe, Japan.
• Once again, Quora to the rescue because the platform thrives on direct questions although you have to take each response with a grain of salt since it is open to the public. Unlike a media outlet, that does some vetting of the contributor on their credentials. With all of the responses, I am cherry picking, but Hanson Hsu might be summing it up the best: “there’s nothing inherently special about steel made in Japan. Not the formulae or the purity or anything. Modernly produced steels all tend to be very pure and high quality. It’s the skill of the craftsman in bringing out the maximum potential in that steel that matters.” Why did I choose his response? He is a knife enthusiast vs. a metal or steel industry professional, but I think his response is on par with the overall sentiment I have seen of “which country has the best steel.”
• This is more specific resource since it is referring to Japanese samurai swords, but I am listing it because of the process of smelting steel and the dissolving of carbon (the tamahagane process via PBS.org).

Is Swedish steel good?

Steel production seems to be very taxing on the environment (greenhouse gases and emissions), andSweden is one country with a long history of steel production on its way to having a green steel industry.

Swedish steel companies have specialised within different product segments where they produce highly refined steel grades and products.

I think one reoccurring thing I see is “consistently high-quality and purity” when speaking of Swedish steel, which I attribute to their long history of iron and steel production that dates back to the Middle Ages. It all started when merchants from Lübeck, in the Middle Ages, began to interest the kings of Sweden in the export of iron on a large scale, and you can read more on the history onJernkontoret(the Period of Osmund).

If you are a Netflix subscriber, you can watch the movie Narvik, which is about stopping the iron ore shipments from Sweden to Germany, which accounted for 85% of the ore necessary for Germany’s weapon industry.

• SSAB stands for SvensktStålAB(English: Swedish Steel) which processes raw ore for steel production. The company was formed in 1978, and you can read more about them on Wikipedia.org.
• Sweden is a pioneer in green steel production via the Steel Times International.
• Another article about Sweden and SSAB’s green steel advances: The World’s Steel Comes at a Steep Climate Cost. A Swedish Company is Trying to Change That via Time.

So which country or should I say countries produce the highest quality steels?

One Quora contributor said steel is an “old technology and can always be produced in any country.” Except, like ground beef, which anybody can do, not everybody supposedly executes to the same standards.So is asking which country produces the best steel the equivalent of which country has the best ground beef? I would say so to some degree, and the vast majority, even China has a certain degree of quality.

The differences are in the standards, and according to Texas A&M,water, phosphates, binders, or other meat sources may be added and still labeled as ground beef. So, based on everything I came across, not every country adheres to the same standards and ethics in what they label as “steel.” It is also why many sources mention testing products from suppliers and how we all knew horse meat made it into Europe’s “spicy beef” market, thanks Food Safety Authority of Ireland (you can read more about it the 2013 horse meat scandal on Wikipedia,BTW, horse is tasty).

So, the conclusion (this piece has been a tedious one to create), so I will say it in the words of Krishnan Premanand via Quora with 31 years in the steel industry, “where certain countries really excel is in the production of certain steel products like Japanese knives, German steel cutleries, South Korean ships, etc.”

So it is not so much the production of steel, but the engineers and craftsmen taking that steel to a finished product which is where countries like Japan produce a Sakai Takayuki knife, the US and Benchmade and their 430BK Redoubt, or that Shake Shack and In’n’Out burger standout (anybody can produce ground beef, but creating a dish out of that beef is where countries really excel).

Also, in case you were wondering: “every one of our McDonald’s burgers is made with100% pure beefand cooked and prepared with salt, pepper and nothing else—no fillers, no additives, no preservatives. We use the trimmings of cuts like the chuck, round and sirloin for our burgers, which are ground and formed into our hamburger patties.” – McDonald’s

BTW, if you are an expert in this field, please drop me a message because I would like to hear from you.

References

• American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC), Why Steel, Sustainability: “Structural Steel: The Premier Green Construction Material.
• BSStainless.com, Chromium: The Strength Behind Stainless Steel.
• Independent Metal Strap (IMP), The 3 Most Commonly used Types of Steel, February 20, 2017
• Jernkontoret: the Swedish iron and steel producers’ association.
• Engineering Choice: What Is Steel?- Properties, Uses | Types Of Steels

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