Index funds make for great core holdings in your stock portfolio. They are typically better investments than individual stocks because, by and large, their diversification exposes average investors to less risk in the long-run.
This buffers against firm-specific volatility and associated risks. Further, the best index funds also often have low fees.
Additionally, index funds act as an effective way to generate tax-advantaged passive income and serve as an easy “set it and forget it” investment opportunity.
Investors have the ability to select from thousands of index funds, providing ample opportunity to choose the ones best-aligned with your investment goals.
Some people see this positively while others become overwhelmed with the abundance of choices.
The Vanguard Total Stock Market Index Fund (VTSAX) and Vanguard 500 Index Fund Admiral Shares (VFIAX) are two of the top index funds and worth adding to your watchlist to understand better.
Keep reading to learn their similarities and differences to find out which index fund performs better. Further, I will also share useful apps buying and selling these index funds as well as how to track their impact to your net worth over time.
But first, I’ll explain what to keep in mind when choosing between index funds in general.
Table of Contents
How to Choose an Index Fund
There are several factors to consider when picking out an index fund to invest in, such as the level of risk you feel comfortable taking. If you have a high level of risk aversion, you should choose a broad index, such as a total stock market index, instead of a small-cap index.
Cap, short for capitalization, indicates the total market value of a stock. The smallest publicly-traded companies fall into the micro- or small-cap category and can sometimes trade as penny stocks, mid-size companies qualify as mid-cap, and investors refer to the biggest companies as large-cap or mega-cap stocks.
Small-cap stocks tend to outperform their large-cap peers in the long-run though they do come with greater volatility since fewer investment decisions have disproportionate impacts on the small-cap companies’ stocks.
However, if you wish to buffer yourself from volatility, a total market index might serve you better through the ups and downs of the market.
Other factors as to which type of index fund you should consider include:
- Business sector or industry. Some indexes focus mainly on technology, others on health-related businesses, etc.
- Company size and capitalization. Do you want an index fund that tracks small, medium, or large companies? Or do you want a combination?
- Ability to buy. Does your favorite discount brokeroffer the fund you’re considering or would you have to look elsewhere?
- Total cost. This includes expense ratios and other fees.
- Mutual Fund vs. ETF. This is useful if you don’t have enough for the investment minimum yet and may be more tax efficient.
- Expected volatility. Volatility can lead to higher gains, but also more significant losses.
Experts agree that the best index funds for 2020 have a diverse portfolio of holdings, operate with low expense ratios, and have significant tax efficiency. In this space, two companies lead the pack: Vanguard and Fidelity. Out of the top 25 index funds (according to MarketWatch), 19 come from one of these two providers.
Vanguard’s VTSAX and VFIAX fit all three requirements of being diversified, low-cost, and tax efficient. In fact, Morningstar, a well-known global research and financial services firm, has selected them as their favorites.
They arrived at this decision primarily through praise of their tax-efficiency. As an aside, these two index funds also make great tax-advantaged investments for their low-costs, diversification and impressive long-term returns.
Now that we have a sense for risk factors, elements you should consider when selecting a suitable lineup of index funds, and the industry leaders, let’s take a closer look at VTSAX and VFIAX to see why so many investors hold these index funds in their portfolios.
Overview of VTSAX
The Vanguard Total Stock Market Index Fund (VTSAX) is a large-blend mutual fund that provides investors with exposure to the complete United States equity market. The index fund tracks the CRSP U.S. Total Market Index and is one of the world’s largest in terms of assets under management.
VTSAX includes small, mid, and large-cap growth and value stocks. The index fund’s top five sectors include (sector weightings as of 6/30/2022):
- technology (25.8%)
- healthcare (14.30%)
- consumer discretionary (13.80%)
- industrials (12.70%)
- financials (11.20%)
For a more complete view into the VTSAX mutual fund’s sector weighting composition, have a look at the figure below (prepared as of 6/30/2022).
VTSAX’s average annual rate of growth in earnings from the past five years for the portfolio’s stocks is 19.6%. As of 6/30/2022, Vanguard Total Stock Market contains $1.1 trillion across all its share classes, including $269 billion in VTSAX, and it has an expense ratio of 0.04%. The dividend yield is at 1.46%, but it is often over 2% when the overall economy and stock market are healthier.
This index fund also has an ETF equivalent, called VTI. To learn more about how these compare, see my detailed review of VTI vs. VTSAX. As for how ETFs vs. mutual funds compare, see the following infographic:
Overview of VFIAX
The Vanguard 500 Index Fund Admiral Shares (VFIAX) includes exposure to 500 of the largest United States companies that account for around 75% of the country’s stock market value. The index fund tracks the S&P 500 as its benchmark for comparing investment returns.
Because VFIAX holds a broadly diversified portfolio within the large-capitalization market segment, the index fund acts as a strong option for an investor to hold as a core equity holding in a portfolio.
VFIAX’s top five sectors include (as of 6/30/2022):
- information technology (26.80%)
- healthcare (15.20%)
- financials (10.80%)
- consumer discretionary (10.50%)
- communication services (8.90%)
For a more complete listing of the fund’s major sector weightings, look at the chart below (prepared as of 6/30/2022):
Finally, Vanguard 500 has $710 billion in total net assets across all share classes, including $362 billion in VFIAX, and it has an expense ratio of 0.04% (as of 6/30/2022). The current dividend yield is 1.48%, but has been well over 2% in previous years.
Related: 36 Best Passive Income Ideas [Income Investments to Consider]
Other Top Investment Opportunities to Consider
Check out some of these other investment options for a complete listing of every FinTech-enabled investment opportunity popping up. They might represent some of the best assets to buy for your portfolio.
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Similarities Between VTSAX and VFIAX
→ Investment style.
Both VTSAX and VFIAX are large blend funds, meaning they hold a combination of growth and value stocks in their portfolio. Blended funds offer investors a diversification into both popular investment styles (growth vs. value) and do not specialize in either specific investing style.
→ Market-cap weighted indexes.
To give an idea of how the two funds compare, VFIAX essentially acts as a subset of VTSAX. To be more exact, all of the 503 stocks VFIAX holds show up in VTSAX. However, VTSAX also holds a few thousand additional (mid- and small-cap) stocks as well.
Further, because VTSAX acts as a market-cap weighted index, meaning the proportion of each stock’s holding in the fund reflects its market capitalization size relative to the entire index, these few thousand smaller stocks only make up a small portion of the total fund.
As an example, VFIAX’s benchmark, the S&P 500, has Alphabet representing 3.9% of the entire index (as of 6/30/2022).
→ Top ten holdings.
To compare these two benchmarks, around 75% of VTSAX’s value reflects stocks in the S&P 500. The top holdings for each are mostly the same, though with less weighting in those top stocks than in VFIAX.
VTSAX has its 10 largest holdings comprise 22.6% of total net assets while VFIAX has its 10 largest holdings represent 26.8% of total net assets.
VTSAX’s top 10 holdings (based on percentage of assets as of 6/30/2022) are:
VFIAX’s top 10 holdings (based on percentage of assets as of 6/30/2022) are:
→ Portfolio turnover rate.
The portfolio turnover rate, a measure of how fast securities in a fund are bought or sold by the fund’s managers, is low for both income funds, at 4.0% for VTSAX, and 2.6% for VFIAX.
When evaluating index funds (structured as either an ETF or mutual fund), portfolio turnover should enter into your consideration as it represents an important indicator of a fund’s investment strategy.
For those people who may ask, “who cares if my ETF or mutual fund has a high turnover rate?”, know that this statistic can determine a significant amount of your fund’s performance.
To illustrate, a turnover ratio of 100% indicates the investment fund’s managers have purchased and sold all of its positions in the last year.
When an investment fund has a relatively low turnover ratio, something in the 0% to 30% range, this indicates the fund practices a buy and hold strategy.
Whereas funds with high turnover ratios, in excess of 50 or even 100%, this shows an active investment strategy centered around trading more than buying and holding.
→ Minimum initial investment.
Both index funds have a $3,000 minimum initial investment and investors can expect similar fees. If this acts as a barrier to entry, you might instead opt to invest in their ETF equivalents, discussed next.
→ ETF equivalents.
People who find the funds’ minimum initial investment unrealistic can turn to each fund’s ETF equivalent.
- VTSAX’s ETF equivalent is the Vanguard Total Stock Market Index Fund (VTI)
- VFIAX’s ETF equivalent is the Vanguard 500 Index Fund (VOO).
Both VFIAX and VTSAX have over 20 years of history of returns and are popular options for retirement portfolios. Further, many of the best target date funds use similar index funds to diversify investors’ holdings and provide market returns.
VTSAX vs. VFIAX for Overall Performance
Acclaimed investor and billionaire Warren Buffett put in a 2014 letter to shareholders that for his wife’s inheritance he wanted 90% in a “very low-cost S&P 500 index fund.”
He went on to write, “I believe the trust’s long-term results from this policy will be superior to those attained by most investors.”
Later, in 2017 during a CNBC interview, he reiterated his stance, stating, “Consistently buy an S&P 500 low-cost index fund.”
He encouraged people to “Keep buying it through thick and thin, and especially through thin…American business is going to do fine over time, so you know the investment universe is going to do very well.”
VFIAX would fit Buffett’s “low-cost S&P 500 index fund” qualification. The fund attempts to replicate the performance of the S&P 500 with a low expense ratio and tax efficiency with a low turnover rate.
If you trust Buffett, you may believe VFIAX will outperform VTSAX, which deviates slightly from the S&P 500, and instead follows the CRSP US Total Market Index.
I should note that an index fund’s return doesn’t always exactly match the index it tracks as the fund typically includes management expenses.
This causes a slight deviation from the underlying benchmark performance and should be kept in mind when comparing these index funds’ performance against their relevant benchmark.
It may also be an advantage for VFIAX that the S&P 500 does not consist of a static list of publicly-traded companies. In fact, over time, the companies which comprise the index change as they grow or shrink.
This causes the index’s exposure to change automatically and reallocate capital towards the top market-weighted performers.
VTSAX adjusts as well, but failing companies may stick in your portfolio longer because more companies qualify to act as part of the CRSP US Total Market Index.
→ Sharpe ratio.
Both index funds’ Sharpe ratios (a common method for calculating risk-adjusted return) appear nearly identical over the long-term. This means investors in both of the funds had similar returns on a risk-adjusted basis.
As of 6/30/22, VFIAX’s Sharpe ratio is 0.53 while VTSAX’s is 0.47, making VFIAX’s ratio slightly better. To interpret this result, you need to understand what a Sharpe ratio means.
This measure compares an average investment return to the level of volatility (risk) of a security. To be specific, the Sharpe ratio represents the average return less the risk-free return (typically Treasury debt) divided by the standard deviation (a measurement of risk) of the return on an investment.
Therefore, higher average returns with lower risk result in a higher Sharpe ratio, whereas higher average returns with higher risk produce lower Sharpe ratios.
The statistic shows the additional average return an investor can expect for a commensurate increase in risk.
→ Standard deviation.
A stock’s standard deviation acts as a measure of its inherent volatility, or risk. All things being equal, higher standard deviation measures indicate a higher dispersion around the mean return, suggesting more volatile returns over the selected time period.
VFIAX currently has a better standard deviation. As of 6/30/2022, VFIAX’s 3-year standard deviation is 18.64%, while VTSAX’s is 19.37%. This shows VTSAX comes with a higher (albeit, only slight) level of risk than VFIAX.
→ Morningstar ratings.
Morningstar gives VFIAX a four-star rating and VTSAX a three-star rating.
Before you start buying all the VFIAX you can and disregard VTSAX, however, remember: Morningstar star ratings simply measure past performance. Also, let’s look at a couple of other reasons why VTSAX might be the better option. VFIAX is very popular for 401(k) plans, but some believe VTSAX to be superior.
→ Larger investing universe for VTSAX.
Small-cap companies typically experience less impact from evolving global trade conditions because their businesses focus more on domestic developments than do large caps.
Therefore, since VTSAX includes small-cap companies and VFIAX doesn’t, this might make VTSAX slightly more stable regardless of global trade conditions.
→ Long-term time horizon favors exposure to small caps.
If you are a young investor with a long-term investment horizon, tracking the average annual returns since each fund’s inception shows VTSAX has done better.
Both funds’ Admiral shares were created and first offered to investors on 11/13/2000. The returns highlighted below are as of 6/30/2022 (20 years of return data since inception):
VFIAX’s total average annual returns since inception are +7.31%. It’s worth noting, however, that the 10-year average annual return rate is +13.76%.
VTSAX’s total average annual returns since inception are +7.62%, but the 10-year average annual return rate is +13.41%.
Therefore, over longer periods of time, VTSAX shows a slightly superior return, averaging over 30 basis points more per year (7.62% – 7.31%).
→ Consider their ETF alternatives.
If you’re intimidated by the $3,000 minimum initial investment to open a position in either of the index funds, you might choose to first invest in their ETF counterparts and then transfer your earnings to the index fund once you’ve reached at least $3,000.
VTSAX’s ETF (VTI) has lower stock prices than VFIAX’s ETF (VOO). If the lower stock price allows you to buy VTI sooner, earn money, and then invest in VTSAX earlier, you might make more money overall than if you waited to invest in VOO.
Clearly, this requires market timing and volatility may make investing at a specific time less advantageous than another.
However, because historical returns have shown a positive average annual return, all things being equal, the earlier you invest, the more money you stand to make. These compounding returns help with building wealth over time.
Overall, these differences are slight and VTSAX and VFIAX tend to perform very similarly. Remember with all of these numbers that past performance isn’t a guarantee of future results.
Why Do Investors Choose VTSAX and VFIAX?
While it might seem advantageous to start investing money in individual stocks on your own, there are benefits to investing in index funds.
Because VTSAX and VFIAX exist to promote the mission of diversified investing, they involve less risk than selecting individual stocks and bonds.
In the long run, index funds which follow the S&P 500 in some close proximity return around 10%, the historical average annual market return since the 1920s.
Following this investment strategy makes it impossible to capture alpha (outperform the market) like you might with individual stocks you find using the best stock research apps and software, you also won’t do worse than it.
In my own experience, I find it hard to argue with earning a 10% average annual return, especially when it costs you almost nothing over long periods of time.
If you want an alternative investing style, you might consider building a portfolio of individual stocks you expect to outperform the market.
Taking the time to analyze individual stocks and build them into a diversified portfolio with a service like M1 Finance could be an option to consider.
However, buying VTSAX and/or VFIAX is both simpler and statistically more likely to perform well. To be sure, buying the right individual stocks can lead to greater returns, but in some instances, individual stocks can (and sometimes do) go down to zero.
This has yet to happen with index funds.
Instead, index fund investing presents the most straightforward, cheapest, and dependable way to see strong long-term returns in your portfolio.
If you already know you want to invest in VTSAX or VFIAX, your next step comes with deciding which platform to invest.
How to Invest in VTSAX or VFIAX and Track Your Investments
Many people choose to buy these index funds through Vanguard, but that isn’t your only choice. In fact, Vanguard primarily caters to those who only wish to invest in Vanguard funds and have little other trading or investing functionality options.
For example, the Vanguard app does not allow investors to buy and sell options, cryptocurrencies, or many other asset classes investors might wish to hold as part of a broader investment portfolio.
For a better investing platform which enables more investing choices, a great free stock app to consider is Firstrade. Firstrade is a leading online brokerage firm that lets you trade mutual funds, stocks, ETFs, options, fixed income products, and more for free.
This allows you to hold more investments in one account and not need to use multiple platforms for making investments outside of Vanguard index funds.
Further, much like the Vanguard app, it has free trades.
Where Firstrade differs from the Vanguard app, however, is that it does not assess the annual $20 fee for investment accounts under $10,000 in assets, has free research reports from recognized companies and it also offers a few more investment options.
Regarding fees, Firstrade highlights that it does not charge hidden fees.
You may also choose to invest in VTI or VOO, these mutual funds’ ETF counterparts, through Firstrade.
Best Trading App for Beginners
Firstrade | Trade + Invest With $0 Fees
4.5
Commission-free trading.
- Firstrade is a low-cost leader in trading stocks, ETFs, mutual funds, and options. In addition to standard commission-free offerings of stocks, ETFs, and options, Firstrade charges no options contract fees, and offers free trading of mutual funds as well.
- Also trade cryptocurrency and bonds on Firstrade.
- Beginners can get up to speed with Firstrade's robust education center, which offers written and video lessons covering everything from the basics of stocks to advanced options concepts.
Pros:
- Very good selection of available investments
- Commission-free mutual funds
- No options contract fees
Cons:
- High margin rates
- Below-average customer support
Related: 8 Best Stock Trading Apps, Software & Platforms for Beginners
While having a diversified portfolio and income-generating investments is a smart financial move, tracking everything can be frustrating for investors.
The net worth tracker app from Empower (Personal Capital is now Empower) is a wonderful way to keep a read on all of your financial assets in one place for free.
The service builds your complete financial picture by showing all of your accounts in one place. This shows a single view into your assets, whether in stocks, bonds, alternative investment options, bank accounts, real estate, and more, as well as any liabilities you may carry.
After placing all these into an easy-to-navigate dashboard, it builds your net worth calculation (assets – liabilities).
This complete view, paired with the app’s analytical tools, can help you to make smart decisions about how to manage your money.
Further, the Empower app can help you to organize all of your savings and spending based on different categories and make it easy to create a monthly spending target.
It’s a great stock tracking app for anyone looking to track their financial performance across time.
Some of their other top tools include a retirement planner, fee analyzer, and education planner.
As an additional option, it could be a worthwhile app to pursue if you are a high net worth investor who wants to access expert human financial advisors, though this is not a requirement for downloading the app and using its financial tools.
Our Net Worth Tracking Pick
Empower | Free Net Worth and Investment Tracking
4.5
Free (no monthly fees for tools); Starts at 0.89% AUM for wealth management services
- Empower (formerly Personal Capital) is a free app that makes it easy to track your net worth.
- You can link it to your bank and investing accounts, credit cards and more to see a single view of useful information and data, including your net worth.
Pros:
- Free net worth, cash flow and investment reporting tools
- Dedicated investment advisor
- Tax optimization retirement account withdrawal strategies
Cons:
- High minimum for investment management ($100k)
- High investment management fee (0.89% AUM)
Related: Best Personal Capital Alternatives to Manage Your Portfolio
Final Thoughts
Overall, The Vanguard Total Stock Market Index Fund (VTSAX) and Vanguard 500 Index Fund Admiral Shares (VFIAX) are both solid options to consider as core holdings in your investment portfolio. Each largely comprises the same holdings and both have the same minimum investment requirement.
While they have slightly different Sharpe ratios, standard deviations, Morningstar ratings, and total overall average returns, the differences do not appear that significant.
Choosing either one is likely a strong investment option and something to consider when investing for the long-term. No matter what your investment decision, it’s typically a strategic move to invest earlier rather than later to maximize returns.
The fact that you’re analyzing the differences between VTSAX and VFIAX to determine which performs better is a sign that, as long as you have the funds, you’re ready to invest.
