Section snippets
Recent developments
Russian agriculture has demonstrated steady growth since 1999, despite intervening periods of economic and financial crises. The per capita consumption of main food products is now close to the nutritional recommendations of the Russian Ministry of Health and the average caloric intake in Russia comfortably exceeds the FAO and USDA minimum levels. Several trade-related factors, such as the devaluation of the ruble that made imports more expensive to the Russian consumer, the embargo on food
Main factors for future development
Against the backdrop of these impressive achievements in recent years, we analyze the main factors that may affect – positively or negatively – further development of Russia’s agriculture. Agricultural growth and rural development are constrained by underutilization of Russia’s agrarian potential, which is largely due to the anomalous agrarian structure, inadequate agricultural education and research systems, and the unsatisfactory standard of living of the rural population that encourages
Conclusion
This article suggests certain steps that can make Russia’s agricultural policy more relevant for further development of agriculture and rural life. The key conclusions are briefly summarized below:
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helping the smallholder sector to advance from subsistence farming to commercial farming and free domestic trade;
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changing the food security paradigm from self-sufficiency to broad access of the population to safe, high-quality food products through free trade;
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turning from state support favoring a very
Acknowledgments
The articles draws on Shagaida and Uzun (2017). The authors would like to thank Ekaterina Shishkina from the Center of Agricultural and Food Policy for her valuable assistance with data collection and analysis and David Sedik from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the U.N. for his insightful comments on issues relating to Russia’s food security and trade policies. The authors also acknowledge the constructive comments of two anonymous reviewers, which have been extensively used in the
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An overview of agriculture 4.0 development: Systematic review of descriptions, technologies, barriers, advantages, and disadvantages
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Citation Excerpt :
As to participation in worldwide economic productivity, agriculture represents a rate of 6.4%, and in nine countries, it is the dominant sector (Pathan et al., 2020). In Russia, agriculture has grown more than the GDP since 2012 (Uzun, Shagaida, and Lerman, 2020). In emerging countries, agriculture may be the driving force to improve their economies performance in the next 50 years (Mueller and Mueller, 2016; Gusarova, 2019).
Agriculture 4.0 upgrades traditional production methods and world agriculture strategies to an optimized value chain using a range of emerging technologies that enhance disruptive solutions at all stages of the agricultural production chain. Due to the complexity of the changing farm ecosystem, the new technological revolution's benefits will not be shared evenly. It is necessary to understand the problems and challenges that need to be addressed so that all countries fully benefit from the potential of agriculture 4.0. This study aims to contribute to the development of agriculture 4.0 by identifying descriptions, technologies, barriers, advantages, and disadvantages. Three independent researchers carried out a Systematic Literature Review based on the Protocol of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria pre-established in the Scopus, Science Direct, and Web of Science databases, 50 articles were selected for analysis. As a result, it was possible to identify the descriptions of agriculture 4.0, propose a definition, and present a compilation of approaches related to the term. Technologies of agriculture 4.0, responsible for revolutionizing and impacting how commodities are produced, processed, traded, and consumed, were also surveyed. Moreover, the barriers that hinder the development of agriculture 4.0 and that limit its progress are listed. The barriers were classified into five dimensions: technological, economic, political, social, and environmental. These are issues that need to be resolved in different areas to achieve a larger scale in countries looking to implement agriculture 4.0. Finally, this study's findings support actors in the agricultural production chain and pave the way for the successful development of agriculture 4.0. Besides, research helps broaden the inclusive debate that can shape the introduction of agriculture 4.0.
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