Preservation: When bodies don’t decompose (2024)

Last week Idiscussedtaphonomy and what happens when bodies decompose. This week, I want to discuss the reverse- what happens when they don’t decompose? I’m not talking about embalming (I did that a couple weeks ago), I’m talking about natural forms of mummification and preservation. This is not an easy thing to happen, the human body is meant for decomposition, and the process will occur rapidly after death. Natural preservation means that the conditions in the context of death have to be perfect for preservation to occur. Even in the perfect conditions, it doesn’t always mean that there will be preservation- many of the examples I will be discussing have others found in the same location under the same conditions and were preserved in different ways.

Preserved remains are interesting, but also challenging for bioarchaeologists- mainly because they technically don’t fall into the realm of human bones anymore! When humans are naturally mummified in some way they need to be cared for and examined in drastically different ways from skeletal remains. While bones do need to be stored in dry cooler environments, these preserved bodies like Otzi or the bog bodies have to have specific temperature and humidity controlled storage at all times. They need to be handled more delicately, and have have a drastically different analysis that falls more into the realm of biologists than osteologists. On the positive side, we can get a lot of information from them that isn’t possible from dry bones, such as evidence of tattoos, hair color, flesh wounds, makeup, clothing, and even remains from their last meal in their stomach. It gives us a better image of what the individual looked like, who they might have been, and how they portrayed themselves through dress and style.

While human remains can preserve in a number of contexts, I want to discuss what I see as the big three- environments with extreme climates and perfect conditions for preservation.

1. Ice: When an individual dies in conditions where there is constant snow and ice, there is no way for bacteria to grow or insects to attack the dying remains. The cells are frozen in place and preventing from decaying. It literally arrests the process of decomposition. There are numerous ancient, historic and modern examples of bodies preserved in ice. The most famous of these is the ‘Ice Man’ Otzi found in Alps in 1991. It was thought at first he was a modern hiker who had died, but further investigation revealed he died in 3,300 BCE. The preservation was so good that we now have information about his tattoos, his two last meals, where he grew up, and his DNA has been completely sequenced. There is continued study and debate over his death and whether he was buried or left to die (you can learn more about him at the Ice Man website). More modern naturally frozen remains can be seen all across Mt Everest, there are over 200 bodies frozen forever on its cliffs. Due to the harsh conditions and unpredictable weather, if an individual is lost, trapped, or dies on the mountain- they are unable to rescue and unable to retrieve the remains. George Mallory, the first man to reach the summit of Everest is still preserved in ice even though he died there in 1924. A number of other remains are found through the climb, and are now used as trail markers and reminders of the risk.

2. Bog:Bogs consist primarily of decayed vegetal materials which is inhibits decomposition in organic material due to constant wetness, acidic makeup and anaerobic conditions. The presence of mosses in the bogs further aid in preservation, as they act as an anti-bacterial.When a body is buried in a bog the cold water prevents putrefaction, the conditions of the bog prevent decomposition of proteins and tissue in the body, and further the lack of oxygen inhibits insect activity. Over the past century bodies have been found in a number of bogs, and are usually found with some of their clothing and their skin stained a dark brown from the bog. Bodies have been recovered in Ireland, England, Scotland, Denmark, Germany, Netherlands, and Florida. Notable bodies include the Tollund Man, who is one of the best preserved bodies and was mistaken at first for a recent murder victim even though he died in the 4th c BCE, or the Graubelle Man, who dates to the 3rd c BCE and was found with histhroatslit open and bright red hair intact (though the color is likely changed due to the bog). (Wikipedia)

Preservation: When bodies don’t decompose (2)

Gebelein Man, via British Museum Blog

3. Sand: Arid sand is great for preservation because it absorbs fluid from the body and without moisture bacteria cannot break down the body. Also, the heat in sandy regions aids in drying and preserving. A great example of preservation in sand is the Gebelein man or Ginger as he is known to the British Museum. While he was found in Egypt, he wasn’t mummified by professionals- rather his shallow grave allowed the sand and heat to do the work naturally. He is so well preserved that they found a stab wound in his back, which was likelythe cause of death (Furness 2012). He dates to the Predynastic period of Egypt, which means mummification wasn’t even being done formally! It is thought that these early natural mummifications led to the artificial ones. For more information on that, read about environmental change and the change to mummification in theChinchorro of the Atacama Desert in Northern Chile.

What’s your favorite natural preservation body?Personally I like theLady Dai body found in 1971 in China while workers were attempting to create an air raid shelter. The body was so well preserved that the skin was still supple, blood remained in her veins, and she had a lifelike appearance. It is still a bit of a mystery why she preserved so well, but it is thought that the airtight tomb and wrappings of silk around her body may have been the cause! (Bonn-Muller 2009)

Works Cited

Bonn-Muller 2009. China’s Sleeping Beauty. Archaeology Magazine Online.http://archive.archaeology.org/online/features/mawangdui/

Wikipedia. Bog Bodies.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bog_bodies_of_Northern_Europe

Furness 2012. Revealed The Secrets of a 5500 Year Old Mummy. Telegraph.http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/9682654/Revealed-the-secrets-of-a-5500-year-old-mummy-murder-mystery.html

Preservation: When bodies don’t decompose (2024)

FAQs

Preservation: When bodies don’t decompose? ›

Incorruptibility is a Catholic and Eastern Orthodox belief that divine intervention allows some human bodies (specifically saints and beati) to completely or partially avoid the normal process of decomposition after death as a sign of their holiness.

What is the process of preserving the body so it does not decay? ›

Preservation is considered appropriate when the cadaver is kept safe from harm, destruction or decomposition. This is achieved by treating the cadaver with special chemicals, i.e. embalming. One of the most important chemicals used for this purpose is formaldehyde.

What will happen if dead bodies don't decompose? ›

If decomposition does not occur, then dead remains of animals and plants pile up everywhere and cause environmental . It becomes a breeding place for many harmful microorganisms and small insects that can spread contagious diseases.

Can you preserve a body indefinitely? ›

Embalming does not preserve the human body forever; it merely delays the inevitable and natural consequences of death. The rate of decomposition will vary, depending on the strength of the chemicals and methods used, and the humidity and temperature of the final resting place.

Is it possible for a body to never decompose? ›

There are a number of documented cases in which people have been exhumed years after their deaths and were found inexplicably preserved. Even more amazing, some of these people have remained preserved for centuries.

How do you preserve a body without embalming? ›

Use of dry ice (carbon dioxide ice)

This is the common, traditional technique for preservation at home. It gives perfect results in 95% of the cases. Dry ice is applied on different parts of the body, which freeze on contact (- 96 degrees). The ice must be changed every 24 hours.

Does freezing a body stop decomposition? ›

Cooling of the body can slow putrefaction and freezing can stop it entirely. There are four general stages of putrefaction: Putrefaction (4-10 days after death) – Autolysis occurs and gases (odor) and discoloration starts.

Do bodies scream during cremation? ›

We think this is an urban legend. We've witnessed many cremations and never heard a scream. But then again, cremation retorts aren't silent either. Now, bodies do make all kinds of gnarly noises.

What does an embalmed body look like after 3 months? ›

But if we were to talk about what happens to the body after embalming, well after three – four months, the yellow-green complexion would have turned to a brownish-black colour because of the blood vessels that have deteriorated to the point that the iron inside of them spills out.

What is the longest a body can be preserved? ›

How long can a hospital keep the body of a deceased person after death? A hospital is allowed to keep the body of a deceased person in a hospital mortuary for up to 21 days after the date of death (section 80 of the Regulation).

How long can a body be preserved in a coffin? ›

If the coffin is sealed in a very wet, heavy clay ground, the body tends to last longer because the air is not getting to the deceased. If the ground is light, dry soil, decomposition is quicker. Generally speaking, a body takes 10 or 15 years to decompose to a skeleton.

How much does it cost to preserve your body? ›

Dennis Kowalski is head of the Cryonics Institute, which preserves people after they die in the hope they'll be revived in the future. The remains are stored in liquid nitrogen tanks that reach -320 degrees Fahrenheit. The service costs $28,000.

What do you call a body that doesn't decompose? ›

Incorruptible Saints: Why Their Bodies Can't Decay.

Is there a 2000 year old body that didn't decompose? ›

On the edge of Wilmslow in Cheshire, England, one man in the 1980s kept on finding pieces of bodies that looked fresh but were actually well over a thousand years old. Andy Mould was working on an operation that collected peat from the bog of Lindow Moss.

What is it called when your body doesn't decompose? ›

Incorruptibility is seen as distinct from the good preservation of a body, or from mummification. Incorruptible bodies are often said to have the odour of sanctity, exuding a sweet or floral, pleasant aroma.

Is there an alternative to embalming? ›

Direct burial, also known as natural or green burial, uses no chemicals—your body does not get embalmed. Burial, therefore, takes place shortly after your death. There is typically no viewing or visitation, though a memorial service or ceremony may be held at the grave site or at a later date.

What is an alternative to embalming? ›

What is Green Burial? Green burials and natural burials are a relatively “new” practice based on techniques used by some cultures for thousands of years. Green burial generally means that the body, which is not embalmed, is buried in an eco-friendly casket or shroud at a green cemetery or burial ground.

Why are bodies buried 6 feet deep? ›

To Protect the Corpse from Being Stolen. Snatching dead bodies was common in many parts of England and Scotland in the early 1800s. Therefore, graves were always dug six feet deep to prevent body snatchers from gaining access to the buried remains.

Why are funeral homes so cold? ›

Cold storage of the deceased in your care is necessary to delay the process of decomposition.

How do bodies not rot when lying in state? ›

They are embalmed before being placed in the coffin for preservation. The coffin is also lined, which helps seal damp and moisture out. The embalming is done very quickly after death.

How do bodies not decompose when lying in state? ›

Embalming is when preservative fluids are injected into bodies to delay decomposition. During the surgical part of the process the blood is removed from the body through the veins and replaced with a chemical solution that may contain methanol, ethanol, phenol, water and dyes.

Why does skull burst during cremation? ›

Does the skull burst during cremation? The skull does not burst during cremation. The skull will become fragile and crumble. This gives the illusion of bursting.

Why do Undertakers sew mouths shut? ›

Setting the features is a mortuary term for the closing of the eyes and the mouth of a deceased person such that the cadaver is presentable as being in a state of rest and repose, and thus more suitable for viewing.

How does God feel about cremation? ›

"The Church raises no doctrinal objections to this practice, since cremation of the deceased's body does not affect his or her soul, nor does it prevent God, in his omnipotence, from raising up the deceased body to new life." Even bodies buried traditionally eventually decompose.

Why do they cover face before closing casket? ›

Over time, coffins underground will decompose and eventually collapse. Covering the face before closing the casket adds an extra layer of protection and dignity for the deceased's face and can act as a symbolic final goodbye.

Why do they put gloves on the dead? ›

They may wear white gloves in order to prevent damaging the casket and to show respect to the deceased person.

How long until a body Cannot be embalmed? ›

Why NOT embalm? The thing about draining a corpse of all its blood and replacing that blood with chemicals is…well, it's unnecessary. Most states don't require embalming unless a body hasn't been buried more than 10 days after death (which, if you're pre-planning your funeral, would not be the case for you).

Can a body be viewed without embalming? ›

Many funeral homes will not allow a public viewing unless embalming is performed. It is not a state or federal law that embalming be required. It is only a regulation by certain funeral homes. The regulation exists for many reasons including health safety, liability, and other undesired effects of decomposition.

What does a body look like after 1 month in a casket? ›

After a few weeks, nails and teeth will fall out. After 1 month, the liquefaction process commences. During this stage the body loses the most mass. The muscles, organs and skin are liquefied, with the cadaver's bones, cartilage and hair remaining at the end of this process.

What happens to an embalmed body after 2 weeks? ›

After two weeks, the body starts to bloat and change its color to red after the blood present in the body starts to decompose. Once the corpse surpasses the fourth week, you can witness liquefaction in the rest of the remains. The teeth and nails also begin to fall during this time frame.

What do funeral homes do with the blood from dead bodies? ›

What Do Funeral Homes Do with the Blood from the Dead Body? The funeral home drains off the blood via the veins. They then send the blood and other fluids such as lymph into the municipal sewage system. In turn, the waste disposal officers treat these fluids before entering the town's wastewater system.

What do funeral homes do with organs? ›

One of the most common questions people have about embalming is whether or not organs are removed. The answer is no; all of the organs remain in the body during the embalming process. Instead, the Embalmer makes small incisions in the abdomen and inserts tubes into the body cavity.

Can you watch an embalming? ›

Some people choose to embalm before viewing because they prefer the life like appearance that embalming imparts. Some are embalmed, have a viewing and are cremated. It's strictly the choice of the family.

How long can a body be preserved in a morgue? ›

The state and local regulations will determine how long an unidentified body can be kept at the morgue. In most places it's at least 30 days. The standard procedure is that the hospital will arrange the disposition after this time. This happens in only 1% of deaths.

Why do embalmed bodies look waxy? ›

Adipocere (/ˈædɪpəˌsɪər, -poʊ-/), also known as corpse wax, grave wax or mortuary wax, is a wax-like organic substance formed by the anaerobic bacterial hydrolysis of fat in tissue, such as body fat in corpses.

What happens if a body is not embalmed? ›

Without embalming, the body will decompose quickly. The bacteria begins to break down the soft tissue. The pancreas contains large amounts of bacteria. It digests the pancreas and then works through the body to the other organs.

Is it possible to perfectly preserve a body? ›

Modern embalming is one of the most effective and commonly used techniques for preserving dead bodies. After bodily fluids are drained and gases are released, the body is usually bathed in formaldehyde and alcohol or water. If done correctly, most bodies have a "shelf life" of about 10 years.

Does it cost money to keep a body in the morgue? ›

Storage and Refrigeration

Funeral homes have a daily charge for storing a body, even if it is embalmed. Other homes may charge a lump sum for a set number of days. Storage fees range from $35 to $100 per day.

Can a body be preserved for 10 days? ›

Although an exposed human body in optimum conditions can be reduced to bone in 10 days, a body that is buried 1.2 m under the ground retains most of its tissue for a year.

What type of body will decompose the fastest? ›

A smaller, skinnier person will decompose much quicker than a larger, heavier one. If the body had endured extreme trauma before death, it could also decompose much quicker. While it's helpful to understand the process of decomposition, it's also important to seek help if a dead body is left in a space too long.

Why do some people's bodies not decompose? ›

Does science have an explanation for why the bodies of some saints don't decompose? Anaerobic conditions, acidity, frigidity, arid conditions, or any other environmental conditions that limit the activity of bacteria will result in slowing down, or even cessation of decomposition.

What are the last body parts to decompose? ›

The last of the stages of human decomposition, stage five, refers to what remains — only bones and scant connective tissues. If exposed to the elements, the bones eventually return to the earth and are scattered by animals. There is no specific set time frame for when skeletonization occurs.

How long does it take a body to decompose not in a coffin? ›

A body buried without a coffin, which doesn't have protection from insects and other elements, typically skeletonizes within five years, according to Nicholas Passalacqua, an associate professor at the Forensic Osteology Research Station at Western Carolina University. Decomposition itself is fairly straightforward.

How long does it take for a body to decompose to nothing? ›

After death, the human body decomposes through four stages. The final, skeleton stage may be reached as quickly as two weeks or as slowly as two years, depending on temperature, humidity and other environmental conditions where the body lies.

Does it take 7 years for a body to decompose? ›

In a temperate climate, it usually requires three weeks to several years for a body to completely decompose into a skeleton, depending on factors such as temperature, humidity, presence of insects, and submergence in a substrate such as water.

Which pope did not decay? ›

V A T I C A N   C I T Y, March 27, 2001 -- A leading cardinal present when the coffin of Pope John XXIII was opened after 38 years today said the pontiff looked as if he had “died yesterday.” “None of the body had decomposed,” said Cardinal VirgilioNoe, the high priest of St.

Do bodies decompose slower due to preservatives? ›

It is dependent mostly on temperature and moisture. Obviously being frozen, packed in salt, or mummified in a desert, will slow down decomposition, as will being embalmed, and sealed in an an airtight, watertight box. Whatever preservatives were in your food when you were alive, have no or negligible effect.

What are the nine stages of decaying corpse? ›

A descriptive title accompanies each of the nine stages in progressively decay- ing order: (1) newly deceased, (2) distension, (3) rupture, (4) exudation of blood, (5) putrefaction, (6) discoloration and desiccation, (7) consumption by birds and animals, (8) skeleton, and (9) disjointing.

What is the process of preserving a body? ›

Embalming is the process of preserving a corpse by treating it with chemicals. The most common embalming fluid is a formaldehyde-based solution, which helps to prevent the growth of bacteria and slows down decomposition. Embalming is typically done in funeral homes, and the process usually takes place soon after death.

What was the process of preserving the body called? ›

Embalming is the art and science of preserving human remains by treating them (in its modern form with chemicals) to forestall decomposition.

What is it called when a body does not decompose? ›

The body that does not decompose is called incorruptible.

What is the process of preserving the body for the afterlife called? ›

Social Media Share Tools. The methods of embalming, or treating the dead body, that the ancient Egyptians used is called mummification.

How long does a preserved body last? ›

How long does it last? Embalming is not permanent as it only delays the natural process of death. Typically, it will preserve the body for around a week, but factors such as condition of the body and temperature conditions may affect this.

How long can a dead body be preserved? ›

A hospital is allowed to keep the body of a deceased person in a hospital mortuary for up to 21 days after the date of death (section 80 of the Regulation). Hospital mortuaries are designed for the short-term storage of a limited number of bodies of persons that pass away in hospitals.

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