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Financial literacy and spending behavior are discussed in multiple research articles. Gindap and Ralla found a significant relationship between spending behavior and financial management skills among senior high school students . Firmialy examined the relationship between financial literacy and consumptive behavior among digital-wallet users, highlighting gender-specific differences in consumption patterns . Jhonson and Tamara explored the influence of spending, saving, and investment behavior on financial well-being, mediated by digital financial literacy . Soleha investigated the relationship between self-efficacy, locus of control, financial literacy, and financial behavior among university students, finding significant effects of these factors on financial behavior . Irdawati et al. examined the direct and indirect effects of financial literacy on saving behavior, with financial technology as a mediating variable, finding a significant direct effect but no significant mediation .