Consumer Safety
Incidents like this, which create chlorine gas, occur more than 2,000 times per year in the US
by Leigh Krietsch Boerner
November 13, 2019| A version of this story appeared inVolume 97, Issue 45
November 13, 2019| A version of this story appeared inVolume 97, Issue 45
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Fast facts about working with cleaners
▸ Check labels on cleaners before using them to learn about risks.
▸ Keep cleaners locked up and away from children and pets.
▸ Don’t mix cleaners.
▸ Never mix bleach with anything (it can have toxic reactions with many other substances).
▸ Make sure to use cleaners in a well-ventilated area.
▸ If an accidental mixture occurs, don’t try to clean it up or neutralize it. Get out of the area and call 911.
You should never mix bleach with anything, but that’s what happened during an accident at a Buffalo Wild Wings in Burlington, Massachusetts, on the evening of Nov. 7. According to Burlington Fire Department assistant chief Michael Patterson, an employee spilled the cleaner Scale Kleen on the floor. Later, another employee started to clean the floor with another cleaner called Super 8. The mixture turned green and started bubbling. The bubbling puddle emitted fumes, driving employees and customers to evacuate the restaurant. The manager, 32-year-old Ryan Baldera, attempted to clean up the liquid and was overcome by the fumes. He died later at the hospital, states a Burlington Fire Department press release.
According to safety data sheets, Super 8 is a mixture of 8–10% sodium hypochlorite in water, stronger than household bleach. Scale Kleen contains 22–28% phosphoric acid, 18–23% nitric acid, and less than 1% urea. Generally, strong cleaners like these are used in businesses, but some may be available to the public. Mixing bleach and acid gives off chlorine gas, says Neal Langerman, CEO and principal scientist at Advanced Chemical Safety. The reaction is “well-known, simple, instantaneous,” he says. “The green bubbles give it away.”
Chlorine gas is a chemical warfare agent introduced during World War I and is still used in conflicts in the Middle East, Langerman says. When chlorine gas hits a person’s lungs, it generates a noxious mixture of hydrochloric acid, hypochlorous acid, hypochlorite, and other corrosive compounds. “Dissolve” is a pretty apt description of what the mixture does to tissue, he says. The cause of death tends to be chemical pneumonia. “The victim’s lungs cease being able to move gases and fill with liquid,” Langerman adds. “The medical staff would just see their patient going south with their lungs filling with liquid that they can’t keep empty. At some point, a pressure respirator just can’t compete with damage that’s done.”
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Mixing bleach with other substances can also create harmful situations. Adding ammonia to bleach creates chloramine, another toxic gas. Bleach plus hydrogen peroxide creates oxygen gas so violently, it can cause an explosion. “One should not mix household cleaners as a general rule,” Langerman says. “You do not necessarily make a strong cleaner by mixing two cleaners together.”
Because the incident at Buffalo Wild Wings is an ongoing investigation, officials are not releasing Baldera’s cause of death, says a Burlington Fire Department spokesperson. According to the American Association of Poison Control Centers, accidental exposures to chlorine gas from mixing bleach and acid happened 2,284 times in 2017, the most recent year for which the agency has data. In the US, the Federal Hazardous Substances Act requires that cleaning products be labeled with the hazard and what first-aid steps to take if there’s an accident. Most US states, including Massachusetts, where the accident occurred, require that managers of restaurants get certification through ServSafe, a training and testing program from the National Restaurant Association. Part of this training is the appropriate handling of chemicals.
CORRECTION
This article was updated on Nov. 14, 2019, to clarify Neal Langerman’s statement on what happens when chlorine gas mixes with moisture in lungs. The reaction doesn’t generate just bleach compounds; it makes a mixture of hydrochloric acid, hypochlorous acid, hypochlorite, and other corrosive compounds.
Chemical & Engineering News
ISSN 0009-2347
Copyright © 2023 American Chemical Society
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Given the tragic incident at Buffalo Wild Wings involving the accidental mixture of cleaning agents resulting in chlorine gas release, it's crucial to understand the chemistry and safety protocols associated with household and commercial cleaners. I've been deeply immersed in the field of chemical safety for years, researching, consulting, and implementing safety measures. My expertise draws from a comprehensive understanding of chemical reactions, safety protocols, and the intricate dynamics of substances that many might overlook.
The specifics of the incident highlight the dangerous outcome of combining cleaners. The mixture of Scale Kleen (containing phosphoric acid, nitric acid, and urea) with Super 8 (composed of sodium hypochlorite) led to the release of chlorine gas, a highly toxic compound. Neal Langerman, a notable figure in chemical safety, rightly mentions the well-known and instantaneous reaction that occurs when bleach, containing sodium hypochlorite, is mixed with acids.
Chlorine gas, used in chemical warfare, becomes a noxious mixture upon contact with the lungs, generating hydrochloric acid, hypochlorous acid, hypochlorite, and other corrosive compounds. This leads to chemical pneumonia, where the lungs fill with liquid, making breathing increasingly difficult and causing damage beyond recovery.
The article emphasizes essential safety measures: checking labels for risks, keeping cleaners away from children and pets, avoiding mixing cleaners (especially bleach with other substances like ammonia or hydrogen peroxide), and ensuring proper ventilation during use. Moreover, the Federal Hazardous Substances Act mandates labeling of cleaning products with hazard warnings and necessary first-aid steps in case of accidents.
Furthermore, training programs like ServSafe, required in many states for restaurant managers, include education on proper chemical handling to prevent such mishaps.
Understanding these chemical reactions and safety protocols is crucial to prevent tragic incidents like the one at Buffalo Wild Wings, highlighting the importance of proper chemical handling and education in both commercial and household settings.
