19 Sad Animals in Captivity Statistics (2023 UPDATE) | Petpedia (2024)

Table of Contents
Top 10 Animal Captivity Statistics and Facts Animal Abuse in Zoos Statistics 1. Animal abuse is widespread in 75% of the World Association of Zoos and Aquariums facilities. 2. Petting is the most common stressful captive animal activity that 43% of WAZA partners frequently offer. 3. There is a 96% chance that an elephant in an entertainment facility is treated poorly. 4. Polar bears have a million times less space in zoos than they would have in the wild. 5. The so-called “surplus” animals in zoos are often killed, even if they are healthy. General Animals in Captivity Statistics 6. China has over 5,000 captive tigers, which they use for traditional medicine. 7. Breeding programs in zoos across Europe include only about 200 animal species. 8. Cetaceans in captivity stay on the surface longer 80% of the time than they would naturally. 9. Aquariums and zoos worldwide do have an educational role. 10. The annual wildlife conservation investments amount to over $350 million. Endangered Animals in Zoos Statistics 11. More tigers are captive in America than free-roaming wild tigers worldwide. 12. Only 18% of captive animals are considered endangered, proving that most zoos aren’t engaged in conserving rare or endangered animals. 13. Extremely threatened species are not supposed to be bred in zoos. 14. Only two female northern white rhinoceros remain captive, meaning that this endangered species in captivity is almost extinct. FAQ 15. How many animals are in captivity? 16. Are zoo animals happy? 17. Why are zoos bad for animals? 18. Why are zoos good? 19. How many animals have died in captivity? Conclusion Sources FAQs

Most people like going to the zoo, especially with their kids. They think that zoos are entertaining and educational facilities that exist with animals’ best interests in mind.

However, animals in captivity statistics hide the harsh truth about the environment and treatment of captive animals.

It’s very bleak, but we all need to learn more to raise awareness about the actual conditions that captured animals live in.

Top 10 Animal Captivity Statistics and Facts

  • Animal abuse is widespread in 75% of zoo and aquarium facilities.
  • 96% of elephants in entertainment facilities are treated poorly.
  • Polar bears have a million times less space in zoos.
  • Only 18% of captive animals are endangered.
  • Extremely threatened species are not supposed to be bred in zoos.
  • The so-called “surplus” animals in zoos are often killed, even if they are healthy.
  • Breeding programs in zoos in Europe include only 200 animal species.
  • The annual wildlife conservation investments amount to over $350 million.
  • Aquariums and zoos worldwide do have an educational role.
  • More tigers are captive in America than there are free-roaming globally.

We all need to take a stand for these animals, and getting the facts straight could be your first step in the right direction.

Animal Abuse in Zoos Statistics

Animal lovers usually refrain from reading these stats because they can sometimes be too painful and shocking.

However, if you’re reading this and want to find out more about the reality, bear with us because it isn’t pink in the slightest.

1. Animal abuse is widespread in 75% of the World Association of Zoos and Aquariums facilities.

(World Animal Protection)

Zoos and aquariums that are a part of WAZA often break the rules of this organization.

Some basic WAZA guidelines restrict animal cruelty, displaying animals for entertainment, stunts, and tricks.

However, over 1,200 aquariums and zoos in 78 countries connected with WAZA participate in such animal misconduct.

Visitors of these entertainment facilities are often petting the animals. The animals are often trained to do degrading and unnatural acts only to attract more visitors.

2. Petting is the most common stressful captive animal activity that 43% of WAZA partners frequently offer.

(National Geographic)

One of the recent Nat Geo animal cruelty in zoos articles revealed that captured animals in zoos and aquariums undergo many activities involving human contact and other encounters that can cause anxiety and suffering.

[visualizer id=”6021″]

Here are some of the most popular attractions:

  • Around 33% of WAZA partner facilities allow visitors to walk or swim with the animals.
  • About 30% of aquariums and zoos make animals perform in front of people.
  • 23% of them let the visitors hand-feed the animals.

3. There is a 96% chance that an elephant in an entertainment facility is treated poorly.

(World Animal Protection)

If we don’t count marine animals, the elephant is the biggest animal in captivity.

Considering the size of elephants, one would think they are given plenty of space in captivity. Unfortunately, that’s not true at all.

Captivity is very harsh on them. They are chained most of the time, with short chains.

Young elephants are often separated from their mothers, and they suffer a lot of beating and mistreatment while being trained.

It’s especially disturbing when considering that elephants are known for being very emotional.

4. Polar bears have a million times less space in zoos than they would have in the wild.

(Freedom for Animals)

One of the most noticeable animal captivity facts is that most animals in zoos don’t have nearly enough room.

Elephants are not the only big mammals that require more space than they are given in captivity.

Besides polar bears, lions and tigers also have much less space than if they were free (about 18,000 times less).

Moreover, these animals are often perceived as aggressive. Hence, people think there are so many bear attacks, and they’re often feared more than they should be.

5. The so-called “surplus” animals in zoos are often killed, even if they are healthy.

(IDAUSA)

Even though many of us want to know how many animals die in zoos each year, these numbers are not easy to track.

According to In Defense of Animals, up to 5,000 zoo animals are killed each year — mind you, only in Europe.

What’s even more worrisome is that the European Association of Zoos and Aquariums recommends killing animals in some situations, even if they are perfectly healthy.

If this kind of euthanasia is legal, it’s not really surprising that zoos practice it. For this to stop, some core rules need to be changed.

General Animals in Captivity Statistics

We know that animals in captivity are mistreated and deprived of their natural habitat. But they’re not only kept for show. Sadly, they’re often exploited for traditional medicine or for breeding.

6. China has over 5,000 captive tigers, which they use for traditional medicine.

(World Animal Protection)

World Animal Protection revealed this shocking fact about Chinese traditional medicine.

The captive tigers, as well as lions, are being exploited for their bones and body parts.

Supposedly, certain body parts of these animals have healing properties beneficial for treating various ailments, but they come at a hefty price.

Before collecting bones and organs, these animals are treated very poorly, leading to physical and psychological suffering.

7. Breeding programs in zoos across Europe include only about 200 animal species.

(The Independent)

Animals in captivity articles are rising in popularity, which is good for raising awareness. For example, The Independent reports that a tiny number of species in European zoos get breeding programs (about 5%).

Does this mean that the other species are simply not worth the effort? Most zoo species face similar problems, including disease, very little genetic diversity, and a lot of hybridization.

8. Cetaceans in captivity stay on the surface longer 80% of the time than they would naturally.

(Animal Welfare Institute)

We didn’t forget about you marine life enthusiasts — here is one of many aquarium facts, but beware, it is not too optimistic.

Cetaceans are very social creatures, and they seek a lot of attention and nourishment from trainers. However, as they aren’t allowed to act naturally in captivity, they are often bored and annoyed.

They don’t have enough space to swim freely, and they are introduced to unnatural “roommates” in their tanks.

Plus, cetaceans are intelligent and aren’t overly amused by visitors and the stunts they have to perform all the time. They are also not keen on the surrounding noise that gets very loud in entertainment facilities.

9. Aquariums and zoos worldwide do have an educational role.

(WAZA)

One of the more positive animals in captivity statistics is that zoos help people gain some valuable education about animals, their habits and behavior, and conservation methods.

10. The annual wildlife conservation investments amount to over $350 million.

(WAZA)

This amount is divided across all global aquarium and zoo organizations and associations. It is a hefty amount of money invested in the greater good. It provides some hope for the future of endangered animals.

Endangered Animals in Zoos Statistics

Many think zoos are guardians of endangered species. But, keeping endangered animals in captivity deprives them of their freedom.

Captive animals are deprived of natural social structure and companionship. They’re forced to be too close to humans and other species, which is unnatural.

11. More tigers are captive in America than free-roaming wild tigers worldwide.

(Advocacy for Animals, World Economic Forum)

Sadly, there are only about 3,500 tigers in the wild right now.

Their numbers aren’t increasing, although they aren’t declining either.

The total number of captive tigers is about 8,000, and they are kept at breeding farms.

12. Only 18% of captive animals are considered endangered, proving that most zoos aren’t engaged in conserving rare or endangered animals.

(PETA)

One of the biggest zoo myths is that one of their primary purposes is animal conservation.

Zoo conservation statistics tell a different story.

A minority of animals kept in zoos are threatened. This is about 700 of almost 4,000 captive species.

Most zoos aren’t planning on releasing the animals at any point — and even if they did, zoo animals would almost certainly die in the wild without human care.

Even the endangered captive species, such as tigers and polar bears, wouldn’t make it in the wild due to their lack of survival skills.

13. Extremely threatened species are not supposed to be bred in zoos.

(Science Daily)

Breeding endangered animals in zoos is not the correct answer to saving endangered species, as dr. Paul Dolman says in his 2015 study.

Animals in the wild need protection. Otherwise, there’s no point in breeding them in captivity.

The study notes that captive breeding can be used as the last resort, but great efforts need to be made so that the endangered species can survive in the wild.

14. Only two female northern white rhinoceros remain captive, meaning that this endangered species in captivity is almost extinct.

(World Economic Forum, Access Science)

Unfortunately, since there are no known males of this species, captive or in the wild, they will soon be extinct.

The last known male died in the wilderness, and only his daughter and granddaughter remain. They are guarded in a Kenyan sanctuary.

Right now, there are only about 5,000 black rhinos and 20,000 white rhinos remaining in Africa, and they’re all categorized as critically endangered.

FAQ

15. How many animals are in captivity?

Today, around 1 million vertebrate animals live in captivity worldwide. There are over 10,000 zoos across the globe, and they accumulate more than 600 million visitors annually.

These statistics only account for the official zoos, while roadside attractions and private zoos are not included in them. In other words, many more animals live in captivity than necessary.

16. Are zoo animals happy?

Considering all we revealed above, it’s safe to assume that zoo animals are not happy.

On the contrary, many of them suffer from depression and anxiety. This negative psychological state of captive animals is so frequent that it has a scientific term — zoochosis. The animals that suffer from zoochosis engage in odd behavior such as pacing, rocking, excessive vomiting, biting, grooming, and self-harm.

Zoochosis and other psychological and physical problems are very common in captive animals in zoos, circuses, and other similar facilities.

17. Why are zoos bad for animals?

PETA made some excellent points about the adverse effects of zoos on animals and what causes those effects, which we will try to summarize here:

  • Zoos prefer having baby animals (for attracting attention). However, when the animals mature, zoos quickly sell or trade them.
  • They keep capturing wild animals for profit.
  • As previously mentioned, conservation is not always the top priority.
  • Above all, most zoos care about entertaining their visitors, not educating them.
  • They justify bad conditions with cutbacks and losses, which they claim to be necessary because they don’t get enough visitors.

18. Why are zoos good?

Zoos aren’t all bad, despite all the grim statistics mentioned here.

Some zoos have helped and keep helping conserve many species, which are slowly reintroduced to the wilderness. This process is not always successful, but even these efforts are essential.

Zoos are also a place of research and education. Scientists have learned a lot from captured animals and have preserved some ecosystems thanks to this knowledge.

Also, most children adore zoos because it’s where they can learn about animals firsthand.

19. How many animals have died in captivity?

Finding the captive animal deaths stats is very difficult because those profiting from trading their parts try to keep it a secret.

Advocacy for Animals provided some gruesome facts, though:

  • Almost all (90%) farm-raised foxes die for their fur, which is sold on the trim market. This use of animal pelts is becoming more popular than its use for making coats.
  • About 100,000 carnivores in the US die to traps, poison, shooting, etc., on behalf of the federal government. These numbers account for both captive and free animals on private and public properties.
  • Chinese traditional medicine also makes use of bear organs. The practitioners keep many (near 10,000) unwilling bear organ “donors” on farms across Asia.

Conclusion

Hopefully, people will start paying more attention to animals in captivity statistics, no matter how harsh they are.

Thanks to them, we can conclude that aquariums and zoos aren’t always places of education, conservation, and entertainment for everyone.

Sure, they have some benefits, but they put profits first and animal rights second for the most part.

We need to spread awareness if we want to see changes before it’s too late for abused, neglected, or endangered animals in captivity.

Sources

19 Sad Animals in Captivity Statistics (2023 UPDATE) | Petpedia (2024)

FAQs

What percentage of animals are depressed in captivity? ›

According to National Geographic, Zoochosis is a neurological disorder that plagues nearly 80 percent of zoo animals, and is characterized by symptoms of anxiety and depression in zoo animals.

Which animals suffer the most in captivity? ›

Polar bears are the animals that do worst in captivity.

Has animal cruelty increased or decreased? ›

(Wildlife Conservation Society) The Covid-19 pandemic has led to a dramatic increase in animal abuse cases. While it's horrendous to think there were 1065 reported pet abuse cases in 2020, the actual numbers are far more significant. Over 10 million abused animals die every year in the US.

What percent of animals are abused in zoos? ›

Top 10 Animal Captivity Statistics and Facts

Animal abuse is widespread in 75% of zoo and aquarium facilities. 96% of elephants in entertainment facilities are treated poorly. Polar bears have a million times less space in zoos. Only 18% of captive animals are endangered.

Are some animals happier in captivity? ›

We reduced their sensitivity to things that are otherwise very upsetting to their wild relatives - like interacting with us. The side effect of this is that domesticated animals are predisposed to being happier than their wild counterparts, in spite of captivity.

What animal is usually depressed? ›

They found that animals such as chronically stressed lab rats and intensively kept pigs demonstrate many symptoms of depression.

What are the top 3 most abused animals? ›

Most common victims

The animals whose abuse is most often reported are dogs, cats, horses and livestock. Undercover investigations have revealed that animal abuse abounds in the factory farm industry.

What animals do not thrive in captivity? ›

Five wild animals that won't do it in cages
  • Cheetahs. Cheetah courtship in the wild. ...
  • Northern White Rhino. Vet attempts to artificially inseminate a white rhino. ...
  • Yangtze giant softshell turtle. Artificial insemination of a Yangtze giant softshell turtle. ...
  • Whooping cranes. ...
  • Giant Pandas.
Feb 12, 2016

Do animals love longer in captivity? ›

Zoos are often the best hope or even last hope for the survival of a species, especially if they are threatened or endangered. Recently, a study conducted by University of Lyon and University of Zurich researchers found that 80% of the mammals studied lived longer in a zoological setting than their wild counterparts.

What animal cruelty is most common? ›

Neglect is the most common type of animal cruelty.

Where is animal abuse most common? ›

Animals in Asia are among the most abused in the world. From bears captured and caged for their 'bile', to dogs and cats slaughtered in horrific ways for their meat, exploitation of animals in Asia is common and widespread.

In which country animal cruelty is the most? ›

Top 10 Countries for Animal Cruelty
  • Australia (tied for worst)
  • Belarus (tied for worst)
  • United States.
  • Argentina.
  • Myanmar.
  • Iran.
  • Russia.
  • Brazil.
Feb 11, 2022

Do zoos treat animals well? ›

Zoos Care for Their Animals

Animals can have a quality of life as high or higher than in the wild. They don't suffer from the stress and threat of predators, the pain of parasites, injury, or illness, and they won't suffer from starvation or drought.

What animal has the most zoo injuries? ›

Elephants are statistically the most dangerous animals to keep in captivity. Interactions with captive elephants are responsible for more zookeeper deaths than those involving any other captive animal.

How many species are saved by zoos? ›

Efforts to conserve species have resulted in saving at least 48 mammals and birds from extinction since the early 1990s. The rates of extinction would have been three or four times higher if actions like captive breeding hadn't been taken, according to a recent study in Conservation Letters.

How do animals feel about captivity? ›

Captivity suppresses the natural instincts of wild animals. Animals suffer permanent frustration because they have no freedom of choice and cannot behave as they would do in their natural environment. This leads to a tendency toward genetic, physical and behavioural degeneration.

What mental effects does captivity have on animals? ›

In the wild, an animal's stress-response system helps it escape from danger. But captivity traps animals with almost no control over their environment. These situations foster learned helplessness, negatively impacting the hippocampus, which handles memory functions, and the amygdala, which processes emotions.

Do Christians believe that animals go to heaven? ›

Christians don't believe that "going to heaven" happens automatically; it's the result of conscious decisions made during one's life. While the Bible is very specific about the requirements for human salvation, it says nothing about salvation for animals.

What animal represents bipolar? ›

The hyperactive rat: An animal model for bipolar disorder.

What animals cry from sadness? ›

Baby animals that are separated from their mothers sound a cry, but humans are the only ones who shed tears. (Stone/ Getty) Pet owners often claim their dogs cry. Darwin thought monkeys and elephants wept. But modern scientists believe the only animal to really break down in tears is us.

What animal symbolizes anxiety? ›

Piglet represents an anxiety disorder. Tigger represents attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Eeyore represents major depressive disorder. Rabbit represents obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD).

What dog breed gets abused the most? ›

The Pit Bull is the most common dog breed (along with pit bull breed mixes) found in shelters in the United States. They are also the most abused, neglected, and the most euthanized.

Are cats more abused than dogs? ›

Perhaps the most disturbing aspect of this history is how the continuing abuse of cats today can be traced back to that moment. Studies show cats are abused at higher rates than dogs or other domestic animals in almost every category of abuse — beating, throwing, mutilation, drowning.

What is the main reason for animal abuse? ›

Animal abuse can be a precursor to abuse and violence towards humans and/or a component of domestic violence. Like shared children, family pets are often used by abusers as a way to demonstrate power and control over their partner by threatening, harming, or sadly even killing beloved pets.

What is the hardest animal to keep in captivity? ›

1. Elephants: Needs lots of space, needs more than one/two animals in one exhibit, needs massive amount of foods, can be very aggresive and unpredictable, susceptible to certain diseases (such as foot disease or respiratory disease), and generally don't live too long in captivity.

What animal was the longest lifespan in captivity? ›

List
FamilyNameMaximum lifespan
CathartidaeAndean condor80 years
ElephantidaeAsian elephant79.6 years
AlligatoridaeAmerican alligator77 years
CorvidaeCommon raven69 years
26 more rows

Which zoo starved animals? ›

' Shocking figures from employees in Ziniare's Zoo revealed that over the last six years, dozens of the animals in the zoo have died of starvation. These animals included elephants, lions, tigers, giraffes, buffaloes, zebras, gorillas, baboons, pythons, and ostriches. WildatLife.

What is Zoochosis? ›

Zoochosis is a form of psychosis that develops in animals held captive in zoos. Most often, it manifests in what are called stereotypic behaviors, or stereotypies, which are often monotonous, obsessive, repetitive actions that serve no purpose.

Why are animals sad in captivity? ›

Animals in zoos are forced to live in artificial, stressful, and downright boring conditions. Removed from their natural habitats and social structures, they are confined to small, restrictive environments that deprive them of mental and physical stimulation.

What animal has the lowest lifespan? ›

The Sign Eviota, Eviota sigillata, a tiny coral reef fish, completes its entire life cycle within an eight week period. This species has the shortest lifespan of any vertebrate.

What animals get hit the most? ›

In over 70 percent of the 50 states, the most commonly hit animal on the road is the deer. From some of the most isolated states, like Alaska, to some of the sandiest, like Florida, deer lead as the top victim of motorists more than any other animal.

What was the first animal cruelty? ›

The first animal cruelty legislation was passed in 1635, which prohibited tearing wool off of living sheep.

Is hitting a dog animal cruelty? ›

Animal cruelty involves gratuitously inflicting harm, injuring, or killing an animal. The cruelty can be intentional, such as kicking, burning, stabbing, beating, or shooting; or it can involve neglect, such as depriving an animal of water, shelter, food, and necessary medical treatment.

What country has the least animal abuse? ›

Keep reading to find out more about animal rights and regulations laws in each country and how the animals are protected.
  • Austria. Austria is one of the strictest countries when it comes to animal welfare laws. ...
  • Switzerland. ...
  • Kenya. ...
  • India. ...
  • Tanzania. ...
  • Organisations and charities that campaign against animal cruelty.

What state has the most animal rights? ›

2022 U.S. State Animal Protection Laws Rankings
  • Massachusetts.
  • California.
  • Washington.
  • Texas.
  • Indiana.
  • New Hampshire.
  • Michigan.
  • Virginia.

Which animal is known as cruel animal? ›

Lions are just as cruel and unforgiving as the world around them. They often kill young, weak, or pregnant animals to obtain a meal. They'll even turn on another, too. Males will commit infanticide when they take over new territory, making way for their young to be born.

How many countries are cruelty free? ›

Internationally, 42 countries have passed laws to limit or ban cosmetics animal testing, including every country in the European Union, Australia, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Iceland, India, Israel, Mexico, New Zealand, Norway, South Korea, Switzerland, Taiwan, Turkey, the United Kingdom and several states in Brazil.

What do zoos do with sick animals? ›

Many animals in zoos now receive special diets and supplements, physical therapy, and even chemotherapy if they get sick. Some zoo animals get thorough medical care and end up living far longer than they would in the wild.

Are zoos helpful or hurtful? ›

That captivity can be REALLY bad for both physical AND psychological health. And while zoos have been really helpful is saving endangered animals, it doesn't work out for certain species. For example, most large carnivores like lions and tigers that are bred in captivity die when released into the wild.

Do zoos take care of sick animals? ›

Studying animals is called zoology and people who do research on animals are called zoologists. They take care of sick animals and try to learn more about them and their bodies.

What animal causes the most deaths to zoo keepers? ›

Elephants cause the most wounds and passings. The managers must have close contact with elephants to really focus on them.

What animal is the most patient when hunting? ›

Tarantula is one of the scariest creatures of its kind, growing to a height of 5 inches with a leg span of 12 inches. They consider being the most patient creatures when they hunt. Patience is their target in life. They patiently lie down in wait for prey and pounce on them very fast.

Do zoos save injured animals? ›

Zoos and aquariums also often rehabilitate injured animals, and then release them into the wild.

Should zoos still exist? ›

Zoos can help to save endangered species by keeping them in a 'safe' environment. Safe as in protected from poachers, predators, habitat loss and even starvation. If a zoo has a breeding programme, this is another way to protect endangered species which may have trouble finding suitable mates in the wild.

Do zoos help with extinction? ›

Zoos engage in research, preserve biodiversity (genetic and species) that may be threatened or at times even extinct in the wild, and they provide much needed funding for research and conservation projects across the world.

How many animals survive after being released from zoos? ›

This study reviewed 45 case studies, involving 17 carnivore species, and found that only 30% of captive animals released survived.

Are animals depressed in captivity? ›

Animals in captivity across the globe have been documented displaying signs of anxiety and depression. In fact, psychological distress in zoo animals is so common that it has its own name: Zoochosis.

Is depression common in animals? ›

Yes, your pet can feel depressed. In fact, depression in animals isn't so different from depression in people. If your pet has had behavior or mood changes, is sleeping more than normal, has a change in appetite, and has lost interest in their favorite activities, then your pet may be depressed.

Do animals survive better in captivity? ›

Recently, a study conducted by University of Lyon and University of Zurich researchers found that 80% of the mammals studied lived longer in a zoological setting than their wild counterparts.

Do animals lose their instincts in zoos? ›

A Change In Behavior

The primary change is that animals lose their some of their natural behaviors including food-finding, avoiding predators, and rearing young, and replace them with stereotypic, destructive behaviors brought on by chronic stress and boredom.

Do zoos help or harm animals? ›

Zoo's Research Helps Wildlife

Even if animals in zoos are never introduced to the wild, they still help improve the lives of their counterparts living in nature. Modern zoos act as a place for observation and research to study issues such as animal disease or infection and to help develop treatments.

How many animals cry from sadness? ›

Animals simply don't cry. Or at least, they don't shed emotional tears. The only creatures who have evolved to do so, it turns out, are humans.

How many pets are depressed? ›

Nearly 75 Percent of Dogs Are Depressed. Here's How to Help Them. - This Dogs Life.

Do any animals feel sadness? ›

A growing body of scientific evidence supports the idea that nonhuman animals are aware of death, can experience grief and will sometimes mourn for or ritualize their dead.

Is it Cruel to keep animals in captivity? ›

Captive-bred animals generally lack the survival skills necessary to be released into the wild and often have developed such severe zoochosis—psychological trauma brought on by captivity—that they would not survive.

Is it cruel to keep animals in cages? ›

Cages confine and restrict, they thwart many of an animal's natural instincts, and they are a desolate reflection on our society. Despite the obvious failings of this outdated technology, in Europe, around 700 million farm animals are confined in cages every year.

How do zoos help animals mental health? ›

Zookeepers promote healthy behaviors and better moods by giving animals access to social partners, naturalistic environments and stimulating training. Without these activities, animals can display the hallmarks of depression, such as pacing, gnawing and self-harm.

Why do zoos stress animals? ›

While the physical needs of animals are met in captivity, the conditions of confinement and exposure to humans can result in physiological stress. The stress response consists of the suite of hormonal and physiological reactions to help an animal survive potentially harmful stimuli.

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