Last Updated on December 2, 2023 by Morgan Beard
This guide will share everything you need to know about ROU assets—what the term means, how to calculate ROU, and how it affects your financial reporting.
When ASC 842 became the new lease accounting standard for US companies following GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles), it rewrote the lessee accounting process. Essentially making lessees recognize a ROU Asset or right-of-use asset and a lease liability for virtually all leases. Now it’s an essential part of their everyday practice.
The ROU Asset Defined
The right-of-use (ROU) asset is a critical component of modern lease accounting standards, including ASC 842 and IFRS 16. The ROU asset represents a lessee’s right to use a leased asset over a lease term.
The leased assets in question are usually property or equipment. However, an ROU asset can be anything for which a lessee is granted the right to obtain economic benefit from using an asset owned by another entity.
In simpler terms, an ROU asset is a lease asset. A lease liability is the lessee’s financial obligation to make the payments as defined in a lease agreement, measured on a discount basis.
How the ROU Asset Is Calculated
Generally, the ROU asset is calculated as the initial lease liability amount, plus any lease payments made to the lessor before the lease commencement date, any initial direct costs incurred, less any lease incentives received.
This concept is applied with slightly varying methods in ASC 842 and IFRS 16.
The ROU Asset Under ASC 842
Unlike IFRS 16, ASC 842 continues to distinguish between operating leases and finance leases. Finance leases were known as capital leases under ASC 840 and earlier lease accounting standards. Accounting for finance leases under ASC 842 is largely unchanged from ASC 840 in that lessees are still required to record an asset and liability for finance leases.
What is new under ASC 842 is the capitalized ROU asset requirement for operating leases. Regardless of a lease’s classification as an operating lease or finance lease, the ROU asset is calculated similarly.
How to Calculate the ROU Asset Under ASC 842
In order to calculate the initial recognition of the ROU asset under ASC 842 for both operating leases and finance leases, first start with the initial amount of the lease liability, computed by discounting the remaining lease payments, then:
- Add the outstanding balance of prepaid rent or subtract the cumulative remaining deferred rent
- Add initial direct costs
- Subtract lease incentives paid at or before lease commencement
The ROU asset and lease liability should be equal for simple leases upon lease commencement. That is, if a company doesn’t have any initial direct costs, prepaid or deferred rent, or any lease incentives, then the ROU asset and lease liability will be equal at the time of lease commencement.
If you are unsure about any of the inputs required to calculate an ROU under ASC 842, here are some definitions and examples for clarification:
Initial Direct Costs: A lessee’s initial direct costs are the incremental costs that occur in the process of obtaining a lease. This includes:
- Commissions
- Legal fees paid toward the origination of the lease
- Costs related to negotiating lease terms
- Costs associated with arranging collateral
The following costs cannot be considered initial direct costs:
- Internal overhead costs, such as sales and marketing
- Costs related to evaluating a lessee’s financial condition costs associated with obtaining offers for potential leases
Prepayments and Incentives: Any payments made to the lessor before lease commencement are added to the ROU asset. The lessor may offer incentives to the lessee to sign a lease agreement. These incentives include:
- Payments made to (or on behalf of) the lessee in relation to a lease
- A lessor incurring costs on behalf of the lessee, such as assuming a lessee’s pre-existing third-party lease
The ROU Asset Under IFRS 16
As mentioned above, IFRS 16 does not distinguish between operating and finance leases. A single approach to lease accounting is applied, and after adopting the standard, all leases are reported as finance leases.
These finance leases are capitalized and recognized on the balance sheet as assets and liabilities unless the lease contract qualifies for any exemptions laid out in the standard.
As with ASC 842, IFRS 16 refers to the leased asset as the ROU asset. This standard’s method for calculating the ROU asset is slightly different than what is defined in ASC 842.
How to Calculate the ROU Asset Under IFRS 16
To calculate the ROU asset in IFRS 16, start with the initial amount of the lease liability, then:
- Add the total payments made at or before the lease commencement date
- Subtract any lease incentives
- Add initial direct costs
- Add estimated costs for restoration or removal and disposal
ROU Amortization
The amortization period for the ROU asset is from the date of lease commencement to either the end of the lease term or the end of the useful life of the asset, whichever is earlier.
When it seems reasonably sure that the lessee will exercise an option to purchase the asset, the amortization period is through the end of the asset’s useful life.
Lease Amortization Schedule
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ROU Asset and Lease Liability Accounting Under ASC 842
As ASC 842 and IFRS 16 both introduce the ROU asset, operating leases are now recorded on the balance sheet for the first time. Traditionally, operating leases would be recorded in the notes of financial statements. One of the main goals of these revised standards has been to increase the transparency of lease accounting and related financial reporting.
While ASC 842 requires both operating and finance leases to recognize the ROU asset and lease liability, there are some subtle differences in accounting.
To ensure proper classification and accounting of a lease, you can run through a series of questions to help you arrive at proper classification:
- Does ownership transfer to the lessee at the end of the lease?
- Does the lessee have a purchase option, and is it reasonably sure they will exercise the option?
- Is the lease term for the significant part of the remaining economic life of the lease?
- Is the leased asset specialized (that is, it will not have an alternative use at the end of the term)?
If you answered no to all of the above questions, the lease is an operating lease.
If you answered yes to any of the questions, the lease is a finance lease.
ASC 842 also contains specific language about classification criteria that represents changes from ASC 840:
- The bargain purchase option criteria no longer exist. In all cases where the lease has the option to purchase the underlying asset, and it’s reasonably certain the lessee will exercise that option, the lease must always be classified as a finance lease.
- The “75% of lease term” and “90% of fair market value (FMV)” rules are no longer considered definitive. However, FASB has suggested companies continue using these thresholds in lease analyses. If companies choose to use different thresholds, they should be based on the company’s real-world circ*mstances and be documented as part of an overall policy.
Once you have arrived at the proper classification, you can consider the differences in accounting between the two.
Profit and Loss Statement
Depending on lease classification, how lease expenses are classified in a profit and loss (P&L) statement will differ.
With finance leases, interest incurred is classified as interest expense. For an operating lease, it’s classified as a lease expense.
Amortization expense under an operating lease is classified as a lease expense.
Cash Flow Statement
ASC 842 requires lessees to report the expense associated with an operating lease as an operating activity.
For finance leases, lease payments are reported as financing or operating in the cash flow statement, depending if the amounts are related to principal or interest.
Amortization Calculation
Once an ROU asset has been calculated, the methodology for calculating amortization is different for operating and finance leases.
For operating leases, the amortization charge is related to the lease liability. ASC 842 provides two different ways to calculate amortization.
The formula for the first method is:
- Lease liability carrying amount
- Plus unamortized initial direct costs
- Plus (or minus) prepaid and/or accrued lease payments
- Minus the unamortized balance of lease incentives received
This method may only be practical for companies with a smaller portfolio of straightforward leases. This calculation quickly becomes tedious when applied to an extensive portfolio of more complex leases. Lease modifications, remeasurements, impairments, and foreign currency translations will greatly complicate calculating amortization charges under this method.
The second method is a simple formula:
- ROU asset = Beginning balance – Accumulated amortization
In this method, amortization is calculated as the difference between the straight-line lease cost for the period and the periodic accretion of the lease liability (using the effective interest method).
Debt Classification and Covenants
ASC 842 defines operating lease liabilities as operating liabilities rather than debt. This means ASC 842 is unlikely to impact debt-based ratios like debt-to-capital or debt-to-equity ratios significantly.
On the other hand, finance leases are classified as debt, and this could have a noticeable impact on some ratios. This fact only reinforces the importance of properly classifying a lease as an operating lease or a finance lease.
ROU Impairment
Impairment describes a permanent decline in the value of an asset. Impairment happens when an asset’s cash flows or other benefits decline. For example, if a natural disaster like a tornado or hurricane were to strike and damage a company’s production equipment, that equipment has become impaired.
Traditional accounting practices for impairment would see a one-time write-off of the difference between the asset’s fair value and its carrying amount. In the case of impairment of an ROU asset, the impairment is also to be immediately recorded, which would reduce the asset’s carrying amount.
Measurements after impairment are calculated as the carrying amount immediately after recording impairment minus any subsequently accumulated amortization.
Requirements for ROU Assets
The guidelines for what constitutes a finance lease or an operating lease are self-explanatory. The differences in accounting between the two classifications are also reasonably easy to learn and maintain. However, there are some finer points to consider when it comes to ROU assets throughout the lease accounting process that applies to one or the other or both.
For both types of leases, an ROU asset has to be:
- Recorded on the balance sheet as the present value of lease payments over the course of the lease, adding initial direct costs and subtracting lease incentives.
- Evaluated for impairment according to professional standards.
- Presented separately or combined with appropriate assets and liabilities.
- Reassessed each period for significant changes. If necessary, adjustments to an ROU asset must be documented.
ROU assets on finance leases must:
- Record the amortization of the ROU asset to the income statement and the interest expense on the lease liability to the income statement, separate from the depreciation of the ROU asset.
- Classify interest and variable payments as operating activities. Principal repayments are classified as financing activities on a cash flow statement.
- Record both the amortization of the ROU asset and the interest expense on the lease liability to the income statement.
ROU assets on operating leases must:
- Record the depreciation of the ROU asset in the income statement. Interest expense is not recorded for an operating lease.
- Classify payments as operating activities on cash flow statements.
At the termination of a lease, the ROU asset and its associated lease liability are removed from the lessee’s books. The difference between the ROU asset and the lease liability is accounted for as a profit or loss at that time.
The Impact of ROU Assets
Whether your organization has transitioned to ASC 842 or IFRS 16, recognizing the ROU asset and lease liability on balance sheets represents a significant shift in lease accounting and financial reporting.
Thankfully, these major shifts in standards and practices don’t happen very often. When they do, a finance team must have a solid understanding of the methods for lease accounting, calculating the ROU asset, and presenting financial statements. As every business is different, and each lease contract is unique, each organization needs detailed, nuanced policies to meet requirements and deliver accurate financial reports.
Occupier Helps You Manage the Change
The introduction of the ROU asset and its related lease accounting changes has proven challenging for many organizations. When you combine all the new requirements with the specifics of your company’s lease obligations, you might not feel confident that you’re getting it right. That’s when you need a comprehensive lease accounting solution that can simplify the entire lease accounting process under new standards.
With Occupier, the entire process—from calculating the ROU asset all the way through closing the books—has never been more straightforward. You and your finance team also gain the peace of mind that comes with maintaining compliance with ASC 842 and IFRS 16 and having confidence in your lease accounting.With Occupier’s intuitive and innovative tech stack, your teams spend less time studying the new standards and instead automate your accounting compliance journey and the creation of your journal entries. Your team and more time collaborating and strategizing. Request an Occupier demo today to find the solutions that fit your unique business.
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As an expert in accounting standards, particularly in lease accounting under ASC 842 and IFRS 16, I can provide comprehensive insights into the concepts discussed in the article. My expertise is grounded in a deep understanding of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) and the nuances of lease accounting standards.
The article discusses the concept of ROU assets, which stands for Right-of-Use assets, introduced by ASC 842 and IFRS 16. Let's break down the key concepts used in the article:
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ROU Asset Defined:
- The ROU asset represents a lessee's right to use a leased asset over a lease term.
- Leased assets can include property or equipment, and the ROU asset can be anything for which a lessee is granted the right to obtain economic benefit from using an asset owned by another entity.
-
Calculation of ROU Asset Under ASC 842:
- The ROU asset under ASC 842 is calculated as the initial lease liability amount, plus any lease payments made to the lessor before the lease commencement date, any initial direct costs incurred, less any lease incentives received.
- Specific calculations involve considerations like initial direct costs, prepaid rent, and lease incentives.
-
ROU Asset Under IFRS 16:
- IFRS 16 does not distinguish between operating and finance leases. All leases are reported as finance leases unless qualifying for specific exemptions.
- The method for calculating the ROU asset under IFRS 16 involves components such as total payments made, lease incentives, initial direct costs, and estimated restoration or removal costs.
-
ROU Amortization:
- The amortization period for the ROU asset is from the date of lease commencement to either the end of the lease term or the end of the useful life of the asset, whichever is earlier.
- The article mentions the calculation of ROU amortization and provides a lease amortization schedule.
-
Lease Classification Under ASC 842:
- ASC 842 distinguishes between operating leases and finance leases.
- Criteria for proper lease classification include ownership transfer, purchase options, lease term in relation to economic life, and asset specialization.
-
Financial Statements Impact:
- The article outlines how lease classification impacts profit and loss statements, cash flow statements, and debt classification under ASC 842.
- It emphasizes the differences in accounting treatment for finance leases and operating leases.
-
ROU Impairment:
- The article discusses impairment of ROU assets, which occurs when there is a permanent decline in the value of the asset.
- Impairment is recorded immediately and affects the asset's carrying amount.
-
Requirements for ROU Assets:
- Both ASC 842 and IFRS 16 have requirements for recording, evaluating, presenting, and reassessing ROU assets.
- Specific considerations are provided for finance leases and operating leases.
-
Occupier as a Solution:
- The article suggests using Occupier, a comprehensive lease accounting solution, to navigate the complexities introduced by ASC 842 and IFRS 16.
- Occupier is highlighted as a tool that simplifies the entire lease accounting process and ensures compliance.
In conclusion, my in-depth knowledge of lease accounting standards allows me to elucidate the intricacies discussed in the article, providing clarity on the calculations, classifications, and implications of ROU assets in the context of ASC 842 and IFRS 16.
