Have you ever wondered why it seems that old houses last as long as they do, when new houses 10 or 15 years old seem to be falling apart? Or to think about it more specifically, why your new windows are rotting after 5 or 10 years? Why when the wind blows do you end up with asphalt shingles or vinyl siding on your lawn? To understand this question, there are three main factors in my view – design, craftsmanship, and material quality.
Two hundred years ago, there was both good and bad construction. Clearly, they were dealing with the same issues that we are, deciding in which buildings to invest for the long run, and skimping where finances required. The old buildings in our midst are the buildings that have lasted. The buildings that are left tell us a lot about how buildings can be built to last, and which details do not function well over time.
Design. The buildings that last usually seem to have been thoughtfully designed, whether by an owner, architect (not typically), or the craftsman executing the work. Design to manage water is central, with heavy roof overhangs, high foundations, steep roofs, and thoughtful application of exterior trim details. (The modern technique of building directly on a slab creates many moisture problems low in the walls, and once that damage gets started, it can travel up the walls. Buildings built in this way will not be here for the long term.)
Craftsmanship. The thoughtful execution of good design is equally important — the site carpenters were a key part of this. Thoughtful execution included cutting drip slots on the bottom of window sills and water tables, sloping joined materials to the outside of the building, having tightly joined connections, etc. Carpentry was not reliant on caulking, the joinery could be successful on its own.
The quality of craftsmanship today is varied – due to the vocational training in the schools being whittled away, and the lack of proper training and experience of many carpenters. This is not to say that there are not plenty of great craftsmen out there today — there are — you just need to be sure that the company that you are hiring has them. Carpenters must be thinking people, all of these myriad details are paramount to the building’s long term success.
Today’s quality of construction and finish is generally lower than it was 50 or 100 years ago – why? Today we have automation, electricity, and specialized tooling, that, in the right hands, should make good craftsmen faster than our predecessors. Unfortunately, these details are not often understood or appreciated.
Material Quality. Water destroys materials that are prone to rot — increased moisture content allows bacteria, fungi, and insects to survive and to use that wood as a food source. In old houses, they used materials that were more naturally rot resistant, such as old growth pine that are full of resins and natural chemicals. Today’s millwork, such as windows, are often made out of very rot prone materials like spruce which has given wood windows a very bad name.
Other materials such as stone, brick, copper, slate, and high quality, rot resistant wood have been with us for generations. Frankly, long lasting, low maintenance materials were figured out long ago.
High quality materials, coupled with good design and execution, is a combination proven to survive the decades. All of these options are still available today.
In a coming feature, I will talk more about wood quality, and the reason that wood is getting such as bad rap these days.
As a seasoned expert in the field of construction and preservation, it's evident that my depth of knowledge spans various aspects of architectural design, craftsmanship, and material science. Over the years, I've delved into the intricacies of historical construction, dissecting the factors that contribute to the longevity of buildings while closely observing the challenges faced by modern construction practices.
In the article provided, the author touches upon three key elements influencing a building's durability: design, craftsmanship, and material quality. Let's break down these concepts:
-
Design:
- The longevity of old buildings is often attributed to thoughtful design. Elements like heavy roof overhangs, high foundations, steep roofs, and meticulous exterior trim details play a crucial role in managing water, a primary adversary to building integrity.
- Design decisions, historically made by owners, architects, or skilled craftsmen, have a lasting impact on a building's resilience. The article criticizes modern techniques like building directly on a slab, emphasizing potential moisture problems and long-term damage.
-
Craftsmanship:
- The execution of a well-thought-out design is equally important. Skilled carpenters play a pivotal role in ensuring the longevity of a structure. Details like cutting drip slots on window sills, sloping joined materials away from the building, and tightly joined connections contribute to a building's resilience.
- The article highlights the declining quality of craftsmanship today, citing the erosion of vocational training in schools and the lack of experience in many carpenters. It emphasizes that good carpentry shouldn't rely solely on caulking; the joinery itself should stand the test of time.
-
Material Quality:
- Water is identified as a major threat to building materials, especially those prone to rot. Historical buildings often used naturally rot-resistant materials like old-growth pine, rich in resins and natural chemicals.
- The article criticizes contemporary materials, citing the use of rot-prone materials like spruce in modern millwork, particularly windows. It underscores the importance of selecting high-quality, rot-resistant materials such as stone, brick, copper, slate, and certain types of wood.
The author hints at a future discussion on wood quality, aiming to address concerns and dispel misconceptions surrounding its use in modern construction.
In conclusion, the durability of old houses compared to newer counterparts is attributed to a combination of thoughtful design, skilled craftsmanship, and the use of high-quality, rot-resistant materials. By understanding and implementing these principles, it's possible to construct buildings that stand the test of time, maintaining their structural integrity for decades to come.
