White and Higher-Income Workers Most Prevalent Among Home-Based Workers (2024)

The number of home-based workers increased across all races and ethnic groups— especially among high-income workers— between 2019 and 2021, a time when working from home was encouraged because of the COVID-19 pandemic.

A U.S. Census Bureau report released today shows that while White home-based workers more than doubled their numbers and remained the largest single group in the home-based workforce, the number of Black or African American, Asian and Hispanic or Latino individuals working from home also grew substantially during this time period.

We will refer to Black or African American as Black, and Hispanic or Latino as Hispanic for the remainder of this article. Hispanic origin and race codes wereupdated in 2020, so estimates between 2019 and 2021 are not directly comparable.

The report uses 2019 and 2021 American Community Survey (ACS) 1-year estimates.

Workers of all income levels were more likely to work from home in 2021 than in 2019, with higher earners the most likely to do so.

The data show that from 2019 to 2021, the number of:

  • White home-based workers increased from 7.2 million to 18.4 million.
  • Black home-based workers increased from 0.7 million to 2.6 million.
  • Asian home-based workers increased from 0.5 million to 2.6 million.
  • Workers reporting Two or More Races increased markedly, from 0.2 million to 2.6 million.
  • Hispanic and non-Hispanic home-based workers roughly tripled from 1.1 million to 3.2 million and from 7.9 million to 24.3 million, respectively.

White Workers Majority of Home-Based Workers

In 2021, White workers made up 63% of the total U.S. working population but 67% of the home-based workforce (Figure 2).

Asian workers were also overrepresented, making up 6% of all workers but 10% of the home-based workforce.

Black workers made up 11% of all workers but 10% of home-based workers in 2021. Hispanic origin workers made up 18% of all workers and just 12% of home-based workers.

Highest Income Workers Most Likely to Work from Home

Workers of all income levels were more likely to work from home in 2021 than in 2019, with higher earners the most likely to do so.

For workers in the first income decile (the lowest paid 10% of all workers), the percentage working from home doubled from 6% in 2019 to 12% in 2021. In the 10th or highest income decile, the percentage working from home more than tripled from 11% to 38%.

Higher Income Workers Disproportionately White

The racial composition of the workforce also varied by income, with White workers most prevalent among higher income groups.

White workers made up the majority of each income decile but were underrepresented at the bottom end of the income distribution and overrepresented at the top (Figure 4). Black workers, on the other hand, were overrepresented at the bottom end of the income distribution and underrepresented at the top.

Home-Based Workers Not Representative of U.S. Workforce

Racial and ethnic differences in U.S. commuting patterns were evident before the COVID-19 pandemic, but the rapid expansion of home-based work provides another opportunity to understand how certain populations were affected differently.

Workers of all race and ethnic groups worked from home in higher numbers in 2021 than in 2019. White workers were the most likely to work from home; they were also overrepresented among the highest-earning workers.

Further analysis of topics like industry, occupation, transportation access and workplace flexibility may provide further insight into the racial and ethnic makeup of the home-based workforce.

Michael Burrows and Charlynn Burd are survey statisticians in the Census Bureau’s Social, Economic, and Housing Statistics Division.

Brian McKenzie is chief of the Journey-to-Work and Migration Statistics Branch in the Census Bureau’s Social, Economic, and Housing Statistics Division.

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White and Higher-Income Workers Most Prevalent Among Home-Based Workers (2024)

FAQs

What percentage of workers prefer to work from home? ›

The report finds that 63% of people say “having remote work” is what's most important to them in a job, even ahead of salary (61%), having a flexible schedule (55%), work-life boundaries (54%), or having a good boss (48%). According to FlexJobs, 95% of workers want some form of remote work.

What are the demographics of domestic workers in the United States? ›

The vast majority (90.2%) of domestic workers are women; just over half (51.3%) are Black, Hispanic, or Asian American and Pacific Islander women; and they tend to be older than other workers.

Where do most domestic workers come from? ›

Over half were foreign-born (58%), with the majority from Mexico (41%), the Philippines (11%), and El Salvador (10%). The vast majority of domestic workers were middle-aged or older.

What does research say about working from home? ›

A study by Standford of 16,000 workers over 9 months found that working from home increase productivity by 13%. This increase in performance was due to more calls per minute attributed to a quieter more convenient working environment and working more minutes per shift because of fewer breaks and sick days.

Do employees prefer to work from home? ›

However, it appears likely that remote work will remain in substantially higher demand than before the onset of the pandemic. Workers indicate a high preference for WFH, and a hybrid WFH pattern that offers between two and four days of remote work per week appears to be the preferred option for many.

Are people who work from home happier? ›

A recent study reported in Forbes found that “workers who worked from home 100% of the time were 20% happier on average than those who didn't have the ability to work from home.” That study also found “a strong correlation between work happiness and overall happiness.” Another study found that “people who have the ...

What percentage of Americans are white working class? ›

Between 2015 and 2018, the white working class shrank by 2.6 million people and its share decreased to 40% of the population in 2018. The data indicate that the non-Hispanic white working class' decline in absolute numbers has been consistent for many years.

How has the demographic of workers changed in the United States? ›

The workforce has become more diverse

The long-term BLS data shows that the non-white share of US workers increased to 22.3% in 2019 from 11.7% in 1979, and the fraction of Hispanic or Latino workers, of any race, has increased from 5% to 18%.

What is the demographic of employees? ›

An example of a demographic collected in human resources is gender, which may include all employees within a particular job, e.g., Early Childhood Educator. Other demographics include age, length of service and educational level.

How were black maids treated in the 1960s? ›

Both these images reflect strained relationships between the oppressed and the oppressor, and little agency to the black women. Moreover, black women who worked as domestics during the 1950s and 1960s were generally treated as poor, uneducated, child-like creatures (Thompson, 1988).

What are the disadvantages of domestic workers? ›

Disadvantages of having a maid or domestic helper
  • She can steal.
  • She can break things.
  • She can be lazy.
  • She can be moody and unhappy.
  • She can be disobedient.
  • She can become a lover (Always trouble when this happens) she can become a replacement for the girlfriend/wife (Always trouble) you can lose privacy.

When did maids stop? ›

Domestic service dropped by more than half between 1940 and 1950. After the war, wages remained high. In a bid to sidestep labor laws, employers paid nannies and cleaners under the table instead of hiring servants full-time. Slowly, women began to take over housework themselves.

Why are employers against remote work? ›

Many managers worry that people slack off when they work from home. There's the thought that if the boss isn't there to keep an eye on them, they'll spend time binge-watching TV, doing laundry, and, well, not getting things done.

What is the bias against working from home? ›

Proximity bias is a workplace tendency where leaders give preferential treatment to in-office employees, at the expense of remote workers.

Is remote work going away 2024? ›

In a fall Resume Builder survey of 1,000 company leaders, 90 percent indicated they planned to return workers to the office by the end of 2024.

What percentage of the world works from home? ›

Remote work is here to stay

The share of employees working remotely worldwide increased significantly in recent years, rising from 20 percent in 2020 to 28 percent by 2023. The technology industry had the highest share of employees working primarily remotely by industry, with 67 percent of employees reporting so.

Are people more efficient working at home or in the office? ›

Three quarters (73 per cent) of employees say they are more productive when working from home, a new LinkedIn poll by People Management has revealed. The remaining 27 per cent of the 1,590 employees polled say they found they were more productive when working from the office.

Do people work more or less from home? ›

The survey found 55% of employees said they put in more hours while working remotely than at the office. Plus, 83% of remote workers said they “feel” they operate at the same or higher level than when in the office.

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