When it comes to investing, you've likely heard the arguments for putting your hard-earned money into exchange-traded funds (ETFs) or mutual funds to diversify your portfolio or to allocate more of your portfolio toward conservative investments like bonds as you age. Before you begin the investing process and siphon away thousands of dollars for retirement or other future financial goals, there's one term you should absolutely familiarize yourself with: expense ratios.
Expense ratios can eat away at your investment earnings, so it's important to know what they are and how they work. Below, Select takes a look at what expense ratios are, why they're important and how they can vary by fund type.
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Defining expense ratios
An expense ratio is essentially a fee that investors pay for the management of a fund — be it an index fund, mutual fund and/or ETF — which includes all administrative, marketing and management fees. Try and think of it this way:
Expense Ratios = the fund's net operating expenses / the fund's net assets
Expense ratios are typically represented as a percentage. An expense ratio of 0.2%, for example, means that for every $1,000 you invest in a fund, you'll be paying $2 annually in operating expenses. These funds are taken out of your expenses over time, so you won't be able to avoid paying them. Just as your returns are magnified because of compound interest, your expenses are as well, which is why there may be a big difference in earnings if you choose to invest in a fund with a high expense ratio.
Let's take a look at this example: You invest $5,000 a year and receive a constant 7% annual rate of return on your investments. According to the chart below, your earnings would be at least $25,000 more if you invested in the fund with a 0.3% expense ratio versus the fund with a 0.6% expense ratio.
Expense Ratios
| Expense Ratio | Net fees | Net earnings after 30 years |
|---|---|---|
| 0.6 | $53,949.86 | $451,415.35 |
| 0.5 | $45,419.06 | $459,946.15 |
| 0.3 | $27,816.33 | $477,548.88 |
Actively vs. passively managed funds
Depending on the type of fund you're investing in, expense ratios can vary greatly. Actively managed mutual funds typically have a higher expense ratio than passively managed funds, mainly because passively managed funds don't have managers and researchers who are actively choosing assets to buy and sell.
Over the past 20 years, expense ratios among all funds —including both passive and active — have been trending downward. According to Morningstar's 2020 U.S. Fund Fee Study, the asset-weighted average expense ratio fell to 0.41% in 2020 from 0.93% in 2000. Note that Morningstar uses an asset-weighted average, which weighs funds according to their size.
On the other hand, passively managed exchange-traded funds tend to have low fees since they aim to match the performance of the market, not beat it. The asset-weighted average expense ratio for actively managed funds was 0.62% in 2020 —for passively managed funds, it was only 0.12%.
As far as passively managed funds, index funds are a popular option among investors since they track a specific stock index and aim to match its rate of return. For example, investors can find low fee index funds that track the S&P 500, a popular stock index that tracks the largest 500 U.S. companies based on market capitalization. Fidelity started offering investors 0% expense ratio index funds in 2018.
Investing on your own
You can start investing in mutual funds or exchange-traded funds through a retirement account or on your own. Whether you're investing in a Roth or traditional IRA or your employer's 401(k), most retirement accounts provide investors with a variety of options —you may be able to invest in actively or passively managed mutual funds, exchange-traded funds or even individual stocks or bonds. Select ranked Vanguard, Charles Schwab, Fidelity Investments and E*TRADE as the companies offering the best IRAs.
Vanguard
Minimum deposit and balance
Minimum deposit and balance requirements may vary depending on the investment vehicle selected. No minimum to open a Vanguardaccount, but minimum $1,000 deposit to invest in many retirement funds; robo-advisor Vanguard Digital Advisor® requires minimum $3,000 to enroll
Fees
Fees may vary depending on the investment vehicle selected. Zero commission fees for stock and ETF trades; zero transaction fees for over 3,000 mutual funds; $20 annual service fee for IRAs and brokerage accounts unless you opt into paperless statements; robo-advisor Vanguard Digital Advisor® charges up to 0.20% in advisory fees (after 90 days)
Bonus
None
Investment vehicles
Robo-advisor: Vanguard Digital Advisor® IRA: Vanguard Traditional, Roth, Rollover, Spousal and SEP IRAs Brokerage and trading: Vanguard Trading Other:Vanguard 529 Plan
Investment options
Stocks, bonds, mutual funds, CDs, ETFs and options
Educational resources
Retirement planning tools
Terms apply.
For investors who prefer a more hands-off approach, robo-advisors can be a good choice since they use an algorithm to curate your investment portfolio, periodically buying and selling investments based on your personal financial goals. Robo-advisors typically charge a management fee, which, like an expense ratio, is represented as a percentage.
For example, having an annual management fee of 0.25% means you'll have to pay the robo-advisor company $25 for managing $10,000 of investments. Keep in mind that this fee is charged on top of the expense ratio you'll have to pay for each fund you're invested in. Select ranked Betterment and Wealthfront as the best robo-advisor services.
Wealthfront
Minimum deposit and balance
Minimum deposit and balance requirements may vary depending on the investment vehicle selected. $500 minimum deposit for investment accounts
Fees
Fees may vary depending on the investment vehicle selected. Zero account, transfer, trading or commission fees (fund ratios may apply). Wealthfront annual management advisory fee is 0.25% of your account balance
Bonus
None
Investment vehicles
Investment options
Stocks, bonds, ETFs and cash. Additional asset classes to your portfolio include real estate, natural resources and dividend stocks
Educational resources
Offers free financial planning for college planning, retirement and homebuying
Terms apply.
Bottom line
While investing can be a great source of passive income, if you're unaware of the fees you'll have to pay in the process, you could be earning less money than you think. It helps to be aware of the expense ratio, which includes all administrative, marketing and management fees and is essentially the ratio of the fund's net operating expenses to the fund's net assets.
Actively managed funds typically have higher expense ratios because investors are paying for the potential to have a higher return. In contrast, passively managed funds like index exchange-traded funds typically have lower expense ratios because they only aim to perform as well as the overall market.
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Editorial Note: Opinions, analyses, reviews or recommendations expressed in this article are those of the Select editorial staff’s alone, and have not been reviewed, approved or otherwise endorsed by any third party.
I specialize in financial planning, investment strategies, and fund analysis, having dedicated years to researching and analyzing various investment vehicles, including mutual funds, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), and other financial instruments. My expertise stems from practical experience in the field, continuous study of market trends, and a thorough understanding of the intricacies behind investment products.
Regarding the concepts mentioned in the article, let's delve into each aspect:
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Expense Ratios: Expense ratios represent the fees an investor pays for the management of a fund, covering administrative, marketing, and management costs. It's expressed as a percentage and impacts the overall return on investment. Lower expense ratios are preferable as they minimize the amount deducted from your earnings. For instance, a 0.2% expense ratio means paying $2 annually for every $1,000 invested.
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Actively Managed vs. Passively Managed Funds: Actively managed funds typically incur higher expense ratios due to the involvement of fund managers making strategic investment decisions. Passively managed funds, like index funds and some ETFs, aim to mimic market performance, thus carrying lower expense ratios as they require less hands-on management.
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Expense Ratio Trends: Over the years, expense ratios across all funds, including both active and passive ones, have shown a decline. Morningstar's study indicates a significant decrease in the asset-weighted average expense ratio, falling from 0.93% in 2000 to 0.41% in 2020.
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Investment Options and Companies: Investors have various options like mutual funds, ETFs, individual stocks, and bonds, available through retirement accounts like IRAs or employer-sponsored 401(k)s. Companies such as Vanguard, Charles Schwab, Fidelity Investments, and E*TRADE offer diverse investment vehicles with varying minimum deposit requirements, fees, and investment options.
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Robo-Advisors: Robo-advisors automate investment portfolio management using algorithms, providing a hands-off approach for investors. They charge a management fee, usually represented as a percentage of the assets under management, in addition to the expense ratios of the underlying funds. Companies like Betterment and Wealthfront are well-regarded in this space.
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Understanding Fees and Returns: Awareness of fees, especially expense ratios and management fees, is crucial as they directly impact investment returns. Actively managed funds aim for potentially higher returns but come with higher expenses, while passively managed funds offer lower costs to mirror market performance.
By grasping these concepts, investors can make informed decisions, ensuring their investment strategies align with their financial goals while optimizing returns by minimizing fees. The landscape of investment vehicles and associated expenses continually evolves, making it imperative to stay updated and make prudent investment choices based on individual risk tolerance and financial objectives.
