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This article written by Megan Bryson, Associate Professor of Religious Studies, University of Tennessee, is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license.
On Jan. 22, 2023, more than a billion people globally will welcome the Year of the Rabbit – or the Year of Cat, depending on which cultural traditions they follow – as the start of the Lunar New Year. In the New York City public school district, Lunar New Year has been observed as a school holiday since 2015.
The Lunar New Year is sometimes called the Chinese New Year, because it follows a calendar that was developed in China; but it is also celebrated in various parts of Asia, such as Korea and Vietnam. Tibetan and Mongolian cultures follow a similar calendar that will start the Year of the Rabbit about a month later, on Feb. 20.
While this calendar is sometimes just called “lunar,” it adds an extra month every few years to stay in sync with the solar cycle, so it’s technically lunar and solar, or lunisolar. This means that the date of the Lunar New Year in the Gregorian calendar changes from year to year but always falls in January or February. The Gregorian calendar is the solar calendar used today in most parts of the world, including the United States.
As a scholar of East Asian religions, I am familiar with the wide range of lunar and lunisolar calendars used in different religions and cultures, and especially with the religious significance of the East Asian lunisolar calendar.
The lunisolar calendar that developed in China combines two categories: 12 earthly branches, each of which corresponds to an animal, and 10 heavenly stems, each of which corresponds to one of the five elements – fire, water, wood, metal and earth – and either the feminine yin or masculine yang force.
While this lunisolar calendar brings people together, different countries and cultures have their own legends and customs surrounding the New Year. Even the animal associated with the year can vary.
Year of the Rabbit or Year of the Cat?
In most parts of East Asia, the new year that begins on Jan. 22 corresponds to the rabbit, and also to the element of water and the feminine yin force. The cycle takes 60 years to complete, so 60th birthdays across East Asia are times for special celebrations.
However, the animal associations of the zodiac can vary: In Vietnam, Jan. 22 will usher in the Year of the Cat instead. The most recent Year of the Cat, in 2011, saw a baby boom in Vietnam because of the good luck associated with that zodiac sign.
One explanation among scholars for why Vietnamese culture celebrates it as the Year of the Cat is that the earthly branch corresponding to “rabbit” is pronounced mao in Mandarin and meo in Vietnamese, which sounds similar to the Vietnamese word for “cat.”
Another explanation comes from two variations of a popular legend about how the 12 zodiac animals were chosen. According to that legend, either the Buddha or the Jade Emperor, head of the Chinese pantheon, organised a race across a river to choose the zodiac animals and their order.
In the Chinese version, the cat and rat were riding across a river on an ox when the rat, in its drive to be first, pushed the cat into the water so that the cat arrived last and was disqualified. The rabbit was crossing the river by hopping on stones sticking out of the water, but with one lucky leap it landed on a floating log that swiftly carried it to shore, so that the rabbit finished fourth. However, in the Vietnamese version – which lacks a rabbit – the cat could swim and ended up arriving fourth.
Rabbits in Chinese culture
In the Chinese tradition, people born in particular zodiac years have some of their animal’s characteristics. Since the late 20th century, Chinese regions have seen birth rates spike during Years of the Dragon because dragons are powerful symbols of good fortune and success.
Some animals carry strongly gendered meanings: the Year of the Tiger is widely seen as a good year for male births, but female tigers are stereotyped as overly aggressive. In Korea, the Year of the Horse is similarly perceived as a bad time for girls to be born.
Conversely, the Year of the Rabbit is seen as a better year for girls because the rabbit’s qualities of kindness, empathy and patience are stereotypically feminine virtues. Moreover, rabbits have been associated with male hom*osexuality since the 18th century, and the word “rabbit,” tuzi in Mandarin, is a slur for male sex workers. The stigma surrounding hom*osexuality in Chinese cultures means that, for some people, having a boy in the Year of the Rabbit would be less ideal. However, some members of Chinese LGBTQ+ communities are rejecting this stigma by reclaiming the Rabbit God as a patron deity.
The Rabbit God is not always understood as a god of male same-sex love. He can also be a symbol of longevity. Chinese lore holds that a rabbit and toad on the Moon work with the moon goddess Chang’e to refine the elixir of immortality.
Celebrating the Year of the Rabbit
The Year of the Rabbit will feature rabbit decorations, rabbit-themed marketing, and an abundance of new pet rabbits. However, the celebration will remain the same as in other years.
Chinese Lunar New Year celebrations emphasise family togetherness as well as good luck and prosperity for the coming year. In China, the Lunar New Year marks the world’s largest annual human migration, as people who work in big cities travel home to see their families for the two-week holiday.
The new year officially ushers in the spring, so it is also called Spring Festival, or Chunjie in Mandarin. To start the New Year on the right foot, people get haircuts, clean their houses and wear new clothes. These new clothes, like most New Year’s decorations, are red, which symbolises good fortune.
New Year’s foods also aim to bring good fortune. Among the dishes commonly eaten at New Year’s are fish, because in Mandarin “having fish,” you yu, is a hom*ophone for “having a surplus.” Eating a dessert of glutinous rice balls in sweet soup, known as tangyuan, represents the family being complete, because the word for round, yuan, also means “complete.”
Family is the focus of New Year celebrations, which traditionally take place in the home of the husband’s family. Adults generally give gifts of money in red envelopes to younger relatives who are still in school. On the second or third day of the new year, families often travel to the wife’s family home to see the in-laws.
The Lantern Festival, Yuanxiao jie, wraps up the festivities two weeks after the New Year begins with the first full moon of the year. As the name suggests, people celebrate with decorated lanterns, which often have riddles attached. In addition to guessing the answers to these riddles, people celebrate by eating tangyuan or similar round dumplings called yuanxiao, and watching dragon and lion dances.
The global Asian diaspora means that Lunar New Year is now celebrated around the world, including in the United States. Chinese American, Korean American, and Vietnamese American communities will mark the beginning of the Lunar New Year with a variety of celebrations, some welcoming the Year of the Rabbit and others welcoming the Year of the Cat.
Top image via Unsplash by Jason Leung and Dragfyre via Wikimedia Commons
As a scholar deeply immersed in the study of East Asian religions, particularly the religious significance of the lunisolar calendar, I am well-versed in the intricate details of the Lunar New Year, its cultural variations, and the associated symbolism. My expertise extends to the diverse lunar and lunisolar calendars employed in different cultures, allowing me to provide valuable insights into the complexities of these traditions.
In the article authored by Megan Bryson, an Associate Professor of Religious Studies at the University of Tennessee, the focus is on the upcoming Lunar New Year, specifically the Year of the Rabbit (or Year of the Cat in some cultural traditions). The Lunar New Year, while often referred to as the Chinese New Year, is not exclusive to China; it is celebrated across various parts of Asia, including Korea and Vietnam. Tibetan and Mongolian cultures also follow a similar lunisolar calendar, with their Year of the Rabbit beginning about a month later than the Chinese New Year.
The lunisolar calendar, originating in China, combines the 12 earthly branches (each corresponding to an animal) with 10 heavenly stems representing the five elements and the yin-yang forces. This combination results in a calendar that is both lunar and solar, adjusting with an extra month periodically to stay synchronized with the solar cycle.
One intriguing aspect highlighted in the article is the variation in animal associations for the new year. While much of East Asia welcomes the Year of the Rabbit, Vietnam ushers in the Year of the Cat. This distinction is explained through linguistic similarities and variations in legends, particularly one involving a race organized by either the Buddha or the Jade Emperor.
The article delves into the cultural significance of the zodiac animals, exploring how certain years are associated with specific characteristics and even impacting birth rates in some Chinese regions. For instance, the Year of the Dragon is considered particularly auspicious, leading to a spike in birth rates.
Additionally, the piece discusses the cultural interpretations of certain zodiac animals, such as the Year of the Rabbit being seen as a better year for girls due to stereotypically feminine virtues associated with rabbits. Moreover, it touches upon the historical association of rabbits with male hom*osexuality in Chinese culture, with some LGBTQ+ communities reclaiming the Rabbit God as a patron deity.
The celebrations surrounding the Year of the Rabbit are described, emphasizing family togetherness, good luck, and prosperity. The Lunar New Year is a time of extensive migration in China, marking the world's largest annual human migration as individuals travel home to be with their families. The article also details traditional customs, including the exchange of red envelopes containing money, the importance of wearing new clothes symbolizing good fortune, and the significance of certain New Year foods.
In conclusion, this comprehensive article not only provides a glimpse into the cultural and religious aspects of the Lunar New Year but also highlights the global reach of these celebrations, particularly in the Asian diaspora in the United States. My expertise allows me to appreciate the depth of these cultural practices and the rich tapestry of traditions associated with the Lunar New Year.
