The principles of capitalism include both capitalists and capital available. Capital is defined as the workers' production. The term capitalist refers to those that control the capital, generally individuals that run or own businesses.
The basic principles of free enterprise are the right to own property, engaging in mutually agreed-upon contracts, and allowing supply and demand to dictate prices. The dictation of prices can be negotiated between consumers and business owners when supply and demand influence pricing. If a business owner sets the price too high in a capitalist market, the consumers will not purchase the product or service. This behavior by consumers within a free enterprise can drive down the price of the good or service. Consumers have the ability to also drive up prices with their collective buying behavior.
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The type of economy is influenced by who controls capital and the means of production. In a capitalist market, it is private individuals that own businesses. In a command economy, it is the government that owns businesses. In a command economy, the government is one hundred percent in charge of goods and services. There is no individual or corporate ownership in a command economy. The government is also responsible for the prices in a command economy. Additionally, in a command economy, the government controls the supply, and means of production. The goal in a command economy is to produce exactly the same amount of supply as the demand for the supply. There is no competition between different companies in a command economy because the government owns all businesses, goods, and services. The US economic system has a balance between primarily privately owned businesses along with a few industries that are government-controlled, making it a mixed economy.
Freedom of Choice
In the US economic system, consumers have the freedom of choice. This means that consumers may purchase goods and services from wherever they want. For example, an individual has the opportunity to purchase whatever car or smartphone brand that he or she chooses. Freedom of choice is also driven by US citizens' using the same currency to purchase goods and services.
Consumer sovereignty is the effect that consumers have with their freedom of choice over the economic system. If a large group of consumers does not believe in a product, they have the right to not purchase that product and may cause a significant decline in sales. For example, if a company declares that it only supports green energy, but is later found to be using non-green energy, consumer sovereignty could potentially put the company out of business. Consumer sovereignty in this example would manifest if many consumers collectively chose not to purchase the product.
Open and Free Markets
The US has a mixed economy because it has components of both a free market economy and a command economy. There are many principles that govern a free market economy. Some of the most well-known principles are competition, supply, and demand. Competition refers to the different companies that offer similar goods or services. When there is a lot of competition, the prices are often driven down because consumers usually like to find the best price and functionality. For example, there are many different types of flat-screen TVs, and they compete with each other to offer the best prices, features, and benefits. Because of the competition in the television market, it is usually possible to find an affordable flat-screen TV. If flat-screen TVs were only made by one brand, then the company could sell their TVs for a higher price.
Some additional factors that affect the mixed market economy in the US are supply and demand. Supply refers to how much of the service or good is available to the public at any given time. Demand encompasses the want or need for the service by the public. As the supply of a product increases, the cost of it decreases. As the demand for a product increases, the cost of it increases. Companies need to be careful to have a good supply and demand for a product. If a company overstocks its product, the inventory will sit on the shelves because there is not enough demand for it. However, whenever there is high demand for a good or service, the price can quickly escalate. For example, there is a large supply of smartphones in the US, and although expensive, smartphones are affordable for consumers. The demand for smartphones is similar to the amount of the supply. Another example where supply and demand laws can be seen is with electric cars. There is a high demand for them, yet a limited supply, so the prices are higher than traditional gas-burning vehicles.
Property Rights
In capitalism, property, such as currency and land, is owned by an individual or private corporation. Since there is private ownership of land, an individual is able to sell or rent their land for an agreed-upon price between both the purchaser and the seller.
In socialism, the government owns the means of production, so supply and demand do not affect pricing. The government can set prices for goods and services at whatever price point they want, so there is no freedom of choice or consumer sovereignty within socialism.
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