- 1 June 2020
- United States aid
The United States of America (the US) is one of the biggest donors to Cambodia.1 2 The history of cooperation and relations between the two countries can be traced back to the early 1950s after Cambodia received full independence from France. In 1955, the first US assistance program to Cambodia covered education and infrastructure development.3 National Road 4, a 225-kilometre highway connecting the capital city Phnom Penh to Sihanoukville, is one example of the benefits of US aid to Cambodia during that time. 4 The project cost $25 million and was, at that time, the largest project between the two countries.5
Photo of H.E. Pan Sorasak, Minister of Commerce and US Ambassador W. Patrick Murphy at the 70th Anniversary of the Establishment of US-Cambodia Relations 2020. Photo by the U.S. Embassy Phnom Penh, taken on 07 February 2020. Licensed under CC BY-ND 2.0.
During the period of Sangkum Reastr Niyum (1955–1970), the US continued its support in various development sectors until the country fell into the regime of Khmer Rouge. After the signing of the Paris Peace Agreement in 1991 which restored peace and political stability, the US re-established assistance to the development of the Kingdom through foreign and humanitarian aid. US aid to Cambodia is bilateral aid, made through different bodies and agencies such as the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), Department of State, Department of Agriculture, etc. 6
Since 1992, the US has provided approximately US$1 billion to Cambodia.7 From 2010 to 2019, health and population was the dominant sector that received the most aid, accounting for around $339 million, followed by governance and the education sector that received $217 million and $134 million respectively.8 In 2018 alone, the US government supported various sectors in Cambodia with aid that totaled $152 million.9
USAID is known as one of the most active agencies facilitating US aid to Cambodia. Its program is recognized as the first of its kind in the kingdom and has contributed to the development of Cambodia since the 1960s through humanitarian assistance and infrastructure development.10 From 1991, this program accelerated into a long-term and large-scale program to fully support Cambodia.
In 2018, various partners received US aid in Cambodia including FHI360, ARD, Save the Children Federation, RTI International, East-West Management Institute (EWMI), Winrock International and the US peace corps.11 Priority sectors that the US government has supported Cambodia include democracy and governance, health, education, child protection, environment and food security.12 The US has also contributed significantly to combatting HIV/AIDS in the last decade and the establishment of the Khmer Rouge tribunal as well.13 Since the start of its first case in 2009, the tribunal has received $16.8 million in support.14 The US has also been involved in landmine and UXO demining in the Kingdom. According to the Council of the Development of Cambodia, between 2005 and 2018, Cambodia received approximately $135 million from the US to focus on demining.15
USAID’s programs such as Feed the Future, Nourish16 and Food for Progress aim to assist the Cambodian government in the agricultural sector in increasing productivity.17 In 2018, the US supported approximately $8.2 million in agricultural policy and administrative management and agricultural development.18 USAID also created 190 jobs for locals by facilitating partnership between buyers and farmers in the same year.19 The US also supported the forestry sector. Projects like USAID Greening Prey Lang and Supporting Forests and Biodiversity (SFB) projects are all forestry and environment related projects.20 The SFB project was a five and a quarter year plan which ran from 2012 to 2018. The project was initiated by USAID and supported by Winrock International in collaboration with many different bodies and organizations such as the Ministry of Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) and World Wildlife Fund (WWF).21Key achievements of the project are the reduction of around 12 million tonnes of CO2 emission, training more than 13000 people in natural resource management and improved protected area enforcement.22 Another ongoing project that is related to forestry and environment is the Greening Prey Lang project. The project is believed to be worth $21 million and will tackle the issue of governance and management in Prey Lang forest.23
In terms of education, the US has contributed considerably to the development in this vital sector. $22 million was spent in 2018 to support Cambodia’s education system with most of the funds focused on primary education.24 Working collaboratively with Cambodia’s Ministry of Education, Youth, and Sport (MoEYS), USAID has launched a 5-year Early Grade Reading Program (EGR) that aims to enhance reading skills at the kindergarten level in Cambodia.25Additionally, the US provides a number of scholarships and exchange programs for Cambodian students such as the Fulbright program, Youth Southeast Asian Leaders Initiative (YSEALI), academic fellowship program, and Global Undergraduate program (UGRAD).26
On top of that, democracy and good governance is one of the US’ largest budget spending sectors in Cambodia. The US also focuses on the role of civil society to achieve this goal. In 2018, $31 million was disbursed in improving Cambodia’s governance. 27 Various programs such as the Cambodian Civil Society Strengthening (CCSS) project, implemented by the East-West Management Institute (EWMI) aim to improve accountability in Cambodia. The CCSS project is a 5-year project that cost $9 million.28 It works to strengthen civil society in the kingdom.
In the health sector, Cambodia has received an extensive amount of support from the US. They have helped Cambodia fight against HIV/AIDs, malaria, tuberculosis(TB) and many other infectious diseases.29 The total funding in the health sector in 2018 was $38 million, of which more than $20 million contributed to fight HIV/AIDs, malaria and TB.30 Recently, amid the COVID-19 outbreak, the US contributed around $11 million support package for the Cambodian government to combat the pandemic.31
Related to United States aid
- Aid and development
- Bilateral development assistance
- Multilateral development assistance
- International relations
References
- 1. Jin Sata et al., “Emerging Donors’ from a Recipient Perspective: An Institutional Analysis of Foreign Aid in Cambodia,” World Development 39 (December 2011): pp. 2091-2104.
- 2. Thomas Lum, “U.S.-Cambodia Relations: Issues for the 113th Congress,” 24 July 2013, pp.11-14.
- 3. United State-Cambodia 60th Anniversary of Diplomatic Relation (Phnom Penh : US embassy, n.d.).
- 4. Ibid.
- 5. Ibid.
- 6. USAID, “U.S. Foreign Aid by Country,” FAE: Dashboard. Accessed 27 April 2020.
- 7. The White House (The United States Government), “Statement from the Press Secretary on Reduction in Assistance to the Government of Cambodia”. Accessed 27 April 2020.
- 8. USAID, “U.S. Foreign Aid by Country,” FAE: Dashboard. Accessed 13 April 2020.
- 9. Ibid.
- 10. USAID,“History: Cambodia”, July 20, 2017.
- 11. USAID, “U.S. Foreign Aid by Country,” FAE: Dashboard. Accessed 13 April 2020.
- 12. USAID, “Cambodia Country Profile”. Accessed 14 April 2020.
- 13. United State-Cambodia 60th Anniversary of Diplomatic Relation (Phnom Penh : US embassy, n.d.).
- 14. Ibid.
- 15. Council for The Development Of Cambodia (CDC). Accessed 08 May 2020.
- 16. USAID, “Cambodia NOURISH Project ”. Accessed 23 April 2020.
- 17. USAID, “Agriculture and Food Security: Cambodia,” November 29, 2017.
- 18. USAID, “U.S. Foreign Aid by Country,” FAE: Dashboard. Accessed 13 April 2020.
- 19. USAID, “Cambodia Country Profile ”. Accessed 14 April 2020.
- 20. Arlington, Virginia. Winrock International, “Supporting Forestry and Biodiversity”. Accessed April 21, 2020.
- 21. Ibid.
- 22. Ibid.
- 23. Sotheary Pech, “Environment Ministry and USAID Launch Prey Lang Project,” Khmer Times, 04 April 2019.
- 24. USAID, “U.S. Foreign Aid by Country,” FAE: Dashboard. Accessed 13 April 2020.
- 25. U.S. Embassy in Cambodia, “U.S. Government Assistance to Education”. Accessed 13 April 2020.
- 26. U.S. Embassy in Cambodia, “Education and Exchange Programs”. Accessed 14 April 2020.
- 27. USAID, “U.S. Foreign Aid by Country,” FAE: Dashboard. Accessed 13 April 2020.
- 28. East-West Management Institute (EWMI), “USAID Cambodian Civil Society Strengthening (CCSS)”, March 1, 2017.
- 29. USAID, “Global Health: Cambodia”, 08 December 2017.
- 30. USAID, “U.S. Foreign Aid by Country,” FAE: Dashboard. Accessed 13 April 2020.
- 31. U.S. Embassy in Cambodia, U.S. Mission Cambodia: “The United States Provides Additional $7.5 Million to Cambodia’s COVID-19 Response”, 21 May 2020.
As an expert deeply entrenched in the realm of international relations, aid, and development, I can attest to the comprehensive understanding of the intricate dynamics between donor countries and recipients. My knowledge extends beyond theoretical frameworks; it is substantiated by the examination of concrete evidence and a nuanced grasp of historical contexts. The information presented in the following article aligns seamlessly with my expertise, and I will now delve into a comprehensive analysis of the concepts and themes it explores.
1. Bilateral Development Assistance: The article sheds light on the extensive history of bilateral development assistance between the United States and Cambodia. This refers to the provision of aid directly from one country to another, and in this case, the U.S. has been a significant contributor to Cambodia since the 1950s.
2. Multilateral Development Assistance: While the primary focus is on bilateral aid, the article also indirectly acknowledges the role of multilateral development assistance. Various U.S. agencies, including the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), Department of State, and Department of Agriculture, channel their assistance to Cambodia through different bodies and agencies, reflecting a multilateral approach.
3. Foreign Aid Programs and Sectors: The article meticulously outlines the sectors that have been recipients of U.S. aid in Cambodia. These include education, infrastructure development, health, governance, child protection, environment, food security, and more. Notably, health and population, governance, and education have been dominant sectors over the years, showcasing a diversified approach to development.
4. USAID's Role: The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) emerges as a central player in facilitating U.S. aid to Cambodia. From its early programs in the 1960s to the comprehensive and long-term initiatives post-1991, USAID's contributions have been pivotal in the development landscape of Cambodia.
5. Demining Efforts: The U.S. has been actively involved in demining efforts in Cambodia, contributing significant financial support for demining projects between 2005 and 2018. This reflects a commitment to addressing post-conflict challenges and ensuring the safety and well-being of the Cambodian population.
6. Agriculture and Forestry Initiatives: The article delves into U.S. support for Cambodia's agricultural sector through programs like Feed the Future, Nourish, and Food for Progress. Additionally, it highlights forestry-related projects such as USAID Greening Prey Lang and Supporting Forests and Biodiversity (SFB), emphasizing the U.S.'s commitment to sustainable development.
7. Educational Initiatives: U.S. aid has played a crucial role in the development of Cambodia's education sector. The article discusses the allocation of funds, collaborative efforts with Cambodia’s Ministry of Education, and specific programs like the Early Grade Reading Program. Furthermore, the U.S. extends support through scholarships and exchange programs for Cambodian students.
8. Democracy and Governance Focus: Democracy and good governance emerge as one of the major sectors receiving substantial funding from the U.S. In 2018, $31 million was disbursed to improve Cambodia’s governance, emphasizing the importance placed on these aspects in the development agenda.
9. Health Sector Support: The article underscores the extensive support provided by the U.S. to Cambodia's health sector, addressing critical issues such as HIV/AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis, and infectious diseases. The recent contribution of $11 million amid the COVID-19 outbreak further exemplifies the ongoing commitment to health-related challenges.
In conclusion, the information presented in the article seamlessly aligns with my extensive knowledge of international relations, aid, and development. The historical context, the diversified sectors of support, and the specific initiatives undertaken collectively showcase the intricate dynamics of U.S. aid to Cambodia over the years.
