News that Porsche was giving us back its glorious, naturally aspirated flat-six engines in the both the GT4 and GTS versions of the 718 Cayman and 718 Boxster was as unexpected as it was welcome.
Whether you like it or not, turbochargers enable a reduction in capacity without compromising power and torque and smaller engines have fewer parasitic losses, consume less fuel and produce less CO2. So, to retain power, torque and drivability while switching back to natural aspiration, engine capacity has been stretched to 4.0 litres, more than that of the old naturally aspirated 3.8-litre GT4 and significantly more than the 3.0-litre Porsche turbocharged 911.
To maintain efficiency, Porsche introduced cylinder deactivation (which it calls adaptive cylinder control) when the engine isn’t working hard. Between 1600rpm and 2500rpm in the GTS (and from 1600rpm to 3000rpm in the GT4) and when torque demand is less than 74lb ft, fuel injection to one cylinder bank is switched off alternately with the other every 20 seconds. Switching between the banks keeps the catalytic converters up to temperature on both exhaust systems. Porsche says the strategy saves 11g/km of CO2 overall.
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Its piezo fuel injectors are claimed to be a first for high-revving direct-injection engines like this (8000rpm in the GT4 and 7800rpm in the GTS). Conventional injectors are operated by electromagnetic solenoids, which are fine for most applications. Instead of a solenoid to open the injector, the more costly piezo injectors contain a stack of crystals that expand when a current passes through them and contract when it’s switched off. They respond faster than the solenoid type, metering the timing of injections more accurately.
The extra speed means the injection of fuel for each power stroke of a piston can be split into five smaller, separate injections. At medium and lower loads, this gives more stable control of the injection spray and superior fuel-air mixing, and that in turn reduces emissions.
The spray-guided direct injection reduces the amount to which fuel is deposited on the cylinder walls when it’s injected, so combustion is cleaner, producing less soot.
Diesel engines aren’t alone in producing particulates: direct-injection petrol engines do as well. For this reason, the exhausts of Porsche’s new six units are fitted with what are called gasoline particulate filters (GPF), in the same way that diesel exhausts are fitted with diesel particulate filters (DPFs).
Beyond the finer points of these engines, the basics of a flat-six engine configuration underpin its desirability. Because it’s quite literally flat, it has a low centre of gravity, which is great for handling. In a four-stroke engine, an individual piston fires every 720deg of crankshaft rotation, so in a six, a cylinder fires every 120deg. Power strokes overlap, reducing the vibrations caused by the movement of pistons and connecting rods and the order in which the cylinders fire gives that familiar offbeat warble for which Porsches are famous. That sound, along with lots of power and torque, is what makes the new flat sixes irresistible.
The return of Porsche's naturally aspirated flat-six engines in the GT4 and GTS versions of the 718 Cayman and 718 Boxster is indeed a remarkable development in the automotive world. As an automotive enthusiast deeply entrenched in the realm of engine technology and performance, let's delve into the concepts discussed in the article.
Firstly, the transition back to naturally aspirated engines from turbocharged ones in the 718 Cayman and Boxster involved increasing the engine capacity to 4.0 liters. This shift was to ensure that despite moving away from turbochargers, the power, torque, and drivability weren't compromised.
To address efficiency concerns, Porsche implemented cylinder deactivation technology, termed "adaptive cylinder control." This feature temporarily shuts off fuel injection to one cylinder bank alternately when the engine operates under specific conditions, aiding in fuel consumption reduction and lowering CO2 emissions.
Moreover, the introduction of piezo fuel injectors in these engines marks a significant advancement. Unlike conventional electromagnetic solenoid-operated injectors, piezo injectors use crystals that respond faster, enabling precise fuel injection timing and smaller, more controlled fuel injections. This leads to improved fuel-air mixing, reduced emissions, and cleaner combustion.
Additionally, the use of gasoline particulate filters (GPF) in the exhaust systems helps minimize particulate emissions, a concern not exclusive to diesel engines but also relevant to direct-injection petrol engines.
The flat-six engine configuration offers inherent advantages, such as a lower center of gravity due to its horizontally opposed design. This layout contributes to superior handling characteristics. Furthermore, the firing sequence of cylinders in a flat-six engine results in reduced vibrations and generates the distinctive offbeat warble sound characteristic of Porsches, adding to their allure alongside impressive power and torque output.
This intricate blend of technological innovations and traditional design principles underscores the appeal and desirability of these newly reintroduced flat-six engines by Porsche.
If you have any specific questions or desire further details about any aspect of these concepts, feel free to ask!
