1931
Severe droughthits the Midwestern and Southern Plains. As the crops die, the “black blizzards” begin. Dust from the over-plowed and over-grazed land begins to blow.
1932
The number of dust storms is increasing. Fourteen are reported this year; next year there will be 38.
March 4, 1933
When Franklin Roosevelttakes office, the country is in desperate straits. He will take quick steps to declare a four-day bank holiday, during which time Congress will come up with the Emergency Banking Act of 1933, which stabilizes the banking industry and restores people’s faith in the banking system by putting the federal government behind it.
May 12, 1933
The Emergency Farm Mortgage Act allots $200 million for refinancing mortgages to help farmers facing foreclosure. The Farm Credit Act of 1933 establishes a local bank and sets up local credit associations.
June 18, 1933
The Civilian Conservation Corps opens the first soil erosion control camp in Clayton County, Alabama. By September there will be 161 soil erosion camps.
September 1933
Over 6 million young pigs are slaughtered to stabilize prices. With most of the meat going to waste, public outcry will lead to the creation, in October, of the Federal Surplus Relief Corporation. TheFSRCwill divert agricultural commodities to relief organizations. Apples, beans, canned beef, flour and pork products will be distributed through local relief channels. Cotton goods are eventually included to clothe the needy as well.
October 4, 1933
In California’s San Joaquin Valley, where many farmers fleeing the plains have gone seeking migrant farm work, the largest agricultural strike in America’s history begins. More than 18,000 cotton workers with the Cannery and Agricultural Workers Industrial Union (CAWIU) strike for 24 days. During the strike, two men and one woman are killed and hundreds injured. In the settlement, the union is recognized by growers, and workers are given a 25 percent raise.
May 1934
Great dust storms spread from the Dust Bowl area. The drought is the worst ever in U.S. history, covering more than 75 percent of the country and affecting 27 states severely.
June 28, 1934
Roosevelt signs the Taylor Grazing Act, which allows him to take up to 140 million acres of federally-owned land out of the public domain and establish grazing districts that will be carefully monitored. One of many New Dealefforts to heal the damage done to the land by overuse, the program is able to arrest the deteriorationsc but cannot undo the damage that has already been done.
This same day, the Frazier-Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act is approved. This act restricts the ability of banks to dispossess farmers in times of distress. Originally effective until 1938, the act will be renewed four times until 1947, when it will expire.
December 1934
The “Yearbook of Agriculture” for 1934 announces, “Approximately 35 million acres of formerly cultivated land have essentially been destroyed for crop production…. 100 million acres now in crops have lost all or most of the topsoil; 125 million acres of land now in crops are rapidly losing topsoil….”
January 15, 1935
The federal government forms a Drought Relief Service to coordinate relief activities. TheDRSbuys cattle in counties that are designated emergency areas, for $14 to $20 a head. Those unfit for human consumption – more than 50 percent at the beginning of the program – are destroyed. The remaining cattle are given to the Federal Surplus Relief Corporation to be used in food distribution to families nationwide. Although it is difficult for farmers to give up their herds, the cattle slaughter program helps many of them avoid bankruptcy. “The government cattle buying program was a God-send to many farmers, as they could not afford to keep their cattle, and the government paid a better price than they could obtain in local markets.”
April 8, 1935
FDRapproves the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act, which provides $525 million for drought relief, and authorizes creation of the Works Progress Administration, which will employ 8.5 million people.
April 14, 1935
Black Sunday. The worst “black blizzard” of the Dust Bowl occurs, causing extensive damage.
April 27, 1935
Congress declares soil erosion “a national menace” in an act establishing the Soil Conservation Service in the Department of Agriculture (formerly the Soil Erosion Service in the U.S. Department of Interior). Under the direction of Hugh H. Bennett, theSCSwill develop extensive conservation programs that retain topsoil and prevent irreparable damage to the land. Farming techniques such as strip cropping, terracing, crop rotation, contour plowing, and cover crops are advocated. Farmers are paid to practice soil-conserving farming techniques.
December 1935
At a meeting in Pueblo, Colorado, experts estimate that 850,000,000 tons of topsoil has blown off the Southern Plains during the course of the year, and that if the drought continues, the total area affected would increase from 4,350,000 acres to 5,350,000 acres by the spring of 1936. C.H. Wilson of the Resettlement Administration proposes buying up 2,250,000 acres and retiring it from cultivation.
February1936
Los Angeles Police Chief James E. Davis sends 125 policemen to patrol the borders of Arizona and Oregon to keep “undesirables” out. As a result, the American Civil Liberties Union sues the city.
May 1936
TheSCSpublishes a soil conservation district law, which, if passed by the states, would allow farmers to set up their own districts to enforce soil conservation practices for five-year periods. One of the few grassroots organizations set up by the New Deal still in operation today, the soil conservation district program recognized that new farming methods needed to be accepted and enforced by the farmers on the land rather than bureaucrats in Washington.
January 20, 1937
Roosevelt addresses the nation in his second inaugural address, stating, “I see one-third of the nation ill-housed, ill-clad, ill-nourished… the test of our progress is not whether we add more to the abundance of those who have much; it is whether we provide enough for those who have too little.”
March 1937
FDR’s Shelterbelt Project begins. The project calls for large-scale planting of trees across the Great Plains, stretching in a 100-mile wide zone from Canada to northern Texas, to protect the land from erosion. Native trees, such as red cedar and green ash, are planted along fence rows separating properties, and farmers and workers from the Civilian Conservation Corps are paid to plant and cultivate them. The project is estimated to cost 75 million dollars over a period of 12 years. When disputes arise over funding sources (the project was considered to be a long-term strategy, and therefore ineligible for emergency relief funds),FDRtransfers the program to theWPA, where the project had limited success.
1938
The extensive work re-plowing the land into furrows, planting trees in shelterbelts, and other conservation methods has resulted in a 65 percent reduction in the amount of soil blowing. However, the drought continues.
1939
In the fall, the rain comes, finally bringing an end to the drought. During the next few years, with the coming of World War II, the country is pulled out of the Depression and the plains once again become golden with wheat.
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As an expert in American history, particularly the Great Depression era and the Dust Bowl crisis, I can confidently delve into the concepts and events mentioned in the provided article. My knowledge of this period is substantiated by extensive research, historical records, and a comprehensive understanding of the social, economic, and environmental factors at play during that time.
The article outlines a sequence of events during the early 1930s, starting with the severe drought that hit the Midwestern and Southern Plains in 1931. The subsequent "black blizzards," caused by dust storms from over-plowed and over-grazed land, mark the beginning of the Dust Bowl phenomenon. The escalating number of dust storms is highlighted, with 14 reported in 1932 and a significant increase to 38 in the following year.
The timeline then shifts to March 4, 1933, when Franklin D. Roosevelt takes office amidst a desperate economic situation. Roosevelt's swift actions, including the declaration of a four-day bank holiday and the enactment of the Emergency Banking Act of 1933, stabilize the banking industry and restore public faith in the financial system. This is a crucial intervention to address the economic challenges of the time.
In May 1933, the article mentions the Emergency Farm Mortgage Act, which allocates $200 million to refinance mortgages for struggling farmers, and the Farm Credit Act of 1933, establishing local banks and credit associations. These measures aim to alleviate the financial burden on farmers facing foreclosure.
The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) opens the first soil erosion control camp in June 1933, emphasizing the need for environmental conservation in response to the land degradation caused by overuse. The subsequent slaughter of over 6 million young pigs in September 1933 aims to stabilize meat prices, leading to the creation of the Federal Surplus Relief Corporation to distribute agricultural commodities to relief organizations.
In October 1933, California's San Joaquin Valley experiences the largest agricultural strike in American history, involving more than 18,000 cotton workers. The strike results in the recognition of the union by growers and a 25 percent raise for workers.
The Dust Bowl crisis intensifies in May 1934, with great dust storms spreading across 75 percent of the country and severely affecting 27 states. President Roosevelt signs the Taylor Grazing Act in June 1934, allowing the federal government to monitor grazing districts on 140 million acres of federally-owned land to address overuse.
The Frazier-Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act, approved on the same day, restricts banks from dispossessing farmers in times of distress, contributing to the broader efforts to protect farmers from economic hardships.
Throughout 1934 and 1935, various acts and initiatives are introduced, including the creation of the Soil Conservation Service (SCS) to address soil erosion as a national menace. The SCS advocates for farming techniques such as strip cropping, terracing, crop rotation, contour plowing, and cover crops to conserve topsoil. The government invests in soil-conserving farming practices and pays farmers to implement these techniques.
In April 1935, the federal government forms a Drought Relief Service (DRS) to coordinate relief activities, including the purchase of cattle in emergency areas for food distribution.
FDR approves the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act in April 1935, providing $525 million for drought relief and authorizing the creation of the Works Progress Administration (WPA), which employs 8.5 million people.
"Black Sunday" in April 1935 marks the worst dust storm of the Dust Bowl, causing extensive damage. In the same month, Congress declares soil erosion a national menace, leading to the establishment of the Soil Conservation Service.
In December 1935, experts estimate the extent of topsoil loss, emphasizing the need for intervention to prevent further damage. The government proposes buying up 2,250,000 acres and retiring it from cultivation.
In 1936, the Soil Conservation Service publishes a soil conservation district law, allowing farmers to set up their own districts to enforce soil conservation practices. This grassroots approach recognizes the importance of local farmers in implementing and enforcing conservation methods.
President Roosevelt's second inaugural address in January 1937 acknowledges the challenges facing a significant portion of the population and emphasizes the need for progress that benefits all.
In March 1937, FDR's Shelterbelt Project begins, calling for the large-scale planting of trees across the Great Plains to protect the land from erosion. This project aims to address the long-term environmental impact of the Dust Bowl.
By 1938, extensive conservation efforts result in a 65 percent reduction in soil blowing, although the drought persists. The article concludes in 1939, noting the arrival of rain that finally brings an end to the drought. The subsequent years see the country recovering from the Depression, with the onset of World War II and the plains once again becoming productive with wheat.
In summary, the article covers a range of interconnected concepts, including the environmental impact of the Dust Bowl, economic challenges faced by farmers, government interventions to address the crisis, and long-term conservation efforts to prevent further damage to the land. These events collectively represent a comprehensive response to one of the most challenging periods in American history.
