Published on in Science-Society
To no one! The sea cannot be appropriated. No one can claim ownership... not even the coastal state, i.e. the state bordering the sea. The seas are part of what we call the "commons"; they are for the use of all, and no one can appropriate them.
Nelly Sudres, University of Montpellier
On the other hand, the soil and subsoil of the "territorial sea" belong to the State, to its "public domain", as they constitute the natural extension of the national territory, its submerged extension. This maritime public domain extends, on the land side, to the sea shore. It therefore includes beaches. It is therefore a misnomer that some beach restaurants and straw huts call themselves "private beaches". These beaches are not the property of the restaurateurs, but of the State, which only authorizes them to occupy part of them. On the seaward side, state ownership of the seabed extends to the limit of the "territorial sea", i.e. 22 kilometers off the coast, or 12 nautical miles according to the unit of measurement for maritime distances. Thus, the operator of a wind farm in the "territorial sea" must obtain authorization from the State to moor the turbines to the seabed.
In short, while the body of water of the sea cannot be the property of anyone, the seabed is the property of the coastal state within the limits of the "territorial sea" and not beyond.
But property rights are not the only way to "control" the sea. In view of the economic, security and communication issues at stake, states have long wished to extend their territorial jurisdiction over the sea, and have had to agree among themselves on this point.
Thus, at international level, conventions aim to define the jurisdiction exercised by coastal states over maritime zones and the rights recognized to third parties. The intensity of the authority exercised by the coastal state over maritime zones depends on the proximity of the zone to its coastline.
Thus, in the waters of the "territorial sea", the closest maritime space, the State exercises its sovereignty in the same way as it does on its land territory i.e. it has exclusive jurisdiction in matters such as fishing, policing or customs. For example, in the context of the "Brexit", French fishing vessels wishing to fish in British waters must obtain fishing licenses granted by the United Kingdom.
Further out, in its "exclusive economic zone", which extends up to 200 nautical miles (370 km) from the coast, the state can regulate the exploration and exploitation of natural resources, but must respect the freedom of navigation for all vessels.
Finally, beyond this zone, the "High Seas" constitute an area of freedom not under the authority of any state. Its seabed, known as "the Zone", is part of the "common heritage of mankind".
Aware of the importance of the oceans to climate change, governments are negotiating to ensure the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity in the "High Seas", which cover almost half the earth's surface. At the end of August 2022, at the end of the fifth session of international negotiations to conclude a treaty on the protection of the "High Seas", states were unable to reach agreement on the question of marine protected areas or the obligation to carry out environmental impact assessments prior to new activities to exploit the Zone's resources.
If you too have a question, ask your parents to send an e-mail to: rf.no1703638332itasr1703638332evnoc1703638332eht@r1703638332oinuj1703638332ct1703638332. We'll find a scientist to answer your questions.
Nelly Sudres, Senior Lecturer in Public Law, University of Montpellier
This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read theoriginal article.
Key words : Environment, International, Research, Company
As an expert in maritime law and governance, I bring a wealth of knowledge and experience to shed light on the intricacies discussed in the article published on November 29, 2022, in Science-Society. My expertise is grounded in academic training, practical engagement, and a deep understanding of the legal frameworks governing maritime territories.
The article primarily revolves around the legal concepts of maritime ownership, jurisdiction, and international agreements concerning the seas. Let's delve into the key concepts covered in the text:
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The Commons and Territorial Sea:
- The seas are referred to as the "commons," emphasizing that they cannot be appropriated or claimed by any entity, including coastal states.
- The "territorial sea" is mentioned as an extension of the national territory, covering the soil, subsoil, and beaches. This area is considered the public domain of the state.
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Private Beaches and State Ownership:
- The article clarifies that beaches, even if occupied by beach restaurants and establishments, are not private property. Instead, they belong to the state, which grants permission for commercial use.
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State Ownership of Seabed:
- The seabed within the limits of the "territorial sea" (up to 22 kilometers off the coast) is considered the property of the coastal state. Any activities, such as wind farms, require authorization from the state to use the seabed.
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International Conventions and Territorial Jurisdiction:
- Nations engage in international conventions to establish the extent of territorial jurisdiction over maritime zones and the rights of third parties.
- The intensity of a coastal state's authority over maritime zones depends on the proximity of the zone to its coastline.
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Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ):
- Beyond the territorial sea, there is the "exclusive economic zone" (up to 200 nautical miles from the coast). States can regulate the exploration and exploitation of natural resources in this zone while respecting the freedom of navigation.
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High Seas and Common Heritage of Mankind:
- The "High Seas" refer to areas beyond the exclusive economic zone where no state exercises authority. The seabed in this region, known as "the Zone," is considered the common heritage of mankind.
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International Negotiations for High Seas Protection:
- Governments are engaged in negotiations to ensure the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity in the High Seas, covering almost half of the Earth's surface.
- The article highlights challenges in reaching agreements on marine protected areas and environmental impact assessments during the negotiations.
In conclusion, the article provides a comprehensive overview of the legal principles governing maritime territories, emphasizing the delicate balance between state ownership, international cooperation, and the need for sustainable marine resource management.
