Learning Objective
- Describe the three categories of cash flows.
Question: What are the three types of cash flows presented on the statement of cash flows?
Answer: Cash flows are classified as operating, investing, or financing activities on the statement of cash flows, depending on the nature of the transaction. Each of these three classifications is defined as follows.
- Operating activitiesA section of the statement of cash flows that includes cash activities related to net income, such as cash receipts from sales revenue and cash payments for merchandise. include cash activities related to net income. For example, cash generated from the sale of goods (revenue) and cash paid for merchandise (expense) are operating activities because revenues and expenses are included in net income.
- Investing activitiesA section of the statement of cash flows that includes cash activities related to noncurrent assets, such as cash receipts from the sale of equipment and cash payments for the purchase of long-term investments. include cash activities related to noncurrent assets. Noncurrent assets include (1) long-term investments; (2) property, plant, and equipment; and (3) the principal amount of loans made to other entities. For example, cash generated from the sale of land and cash paid for an investment in another company are included in this category. (Note that interest received from loans is included in operating activities.)
- Financing activitiesA section of the statement of cash flows that includes cash activities related to noncurrent liabilities and owners’ equity, such as cash receipts from the issuance of bonds and cash payments for the repurchase of common stock. include cash activities related to noncurrent liabilities and owners’ equity. Noncurrent liabilities and owners’ equity items include (1) the principal amount of long-term debt, (2) stock sales and repurchases, and (3) dividend payments. (Note that interest paid on long-term debt is included in operating activities.)
Figure 12.1 "Examples of Cash Flows from Operating, Investing, and Financing Activities" shows examples of cash flow activities that generate cash or require cash outflows within a period. Figure 12.2 "Examples of Cash Flow Activity by Category" presents a more comprehensive list of examples of items typically included in operating, investing, and financing sections of the statement of cash flows.
Figure 12.2 Examples of Cash Flow Activity by Category
*Receipts of cash for dividends from investments and for interest on loans made to other entities are included in operating activities since both items relate to net income. Likewise, payments of cash for interest on loans with a bank or on bonds issued are also included in operating activities because these items also relate to net income.
Question: Which section of the statement of cash flows is regarded by most financial experts to be most important?
Answer: The operating activities section of the statement of cash flows is generally regarded as the most important section since it provides cash flow information related to the daily operations of the business. This section answers the question, “how much cash did we generate from the daily activities of our core business?” Owners, creditors, and managers are most interested in cash flow generated from daily activities rather than from a one-time issuance of stock or a one-time sale of land. The operating activities section allows stakeholders to assess the ongoing viability of the company. We discuss how to use cash flow information to evaluate organizations later in the chapter.
Business in Action 12.2
Cash Activity at Home Depot and Lowe’s
The Home Depot. Inc., and Lowe’s Companies, Inc., are large home improvement retail companies with stores throughout North America. A review of the statements of cash flows for both companies reveals the following cash activity. Positive amounts are cash inflows, and negative amounts are cash outflows.
This information shows both companies generated significant amounts of cash from daily operating activities; $4,600,000,000 for The Home Depot and $3,900,000,000 for Lowe’s. It is interesting to note both companies spent significant amounts of cash to acquire property and equipment and long-term investments as reflected in the negative investing activities amounts. For both companies, a significant amount of cash outflows from financing activities were for the repurchase of common stock. Apparently, both companies chose to return cash to owners by repurchasing stock.
Source: The Home Depot Inc., “2010 Annual Report,” http://www.homedepot.com; Lowe’s Companies Inc., “2010 Annual Report,” http://www.lowes.com.
Key Takeaway
- The three categories of cash flows are operating activities, investing activities, and financing activities. Operating activities include cash activities related to net income. Investing activities include cash activities related to noncurrent assets. Financing activities include cash activities related to noncurrent liabilities and owners’ equity.
Review Problem 12.2
Identify whether each of the following items would appear in the operating, investing, or financing activities section of the statement of cash flows. Explain your answer for each item.
- Cash payments for purchases of merchandise
- Cash receipts from sale of common stock
- Cash payments for equipment
- Cash receipts from sales of goods
- Cash dividends paid to shareholders
- Cash payments to employees
- Cash payments to lenders for interest on loans
- Cash receipts from collection of principal for loans made to other entities
- Cash receipts from issuance of bonds
- Cash receipts from collection of interest on loans made to other entities
Solution to Review Problem 12.2
- It would appear as operating activity because merchandise activity impacts net income as an expense (merchandise costs ultimately flow through cost of goods sold on the income statement).
- It would appear as financing activity because sale of common stock impacts owners’ equity.
- It would appear as investing activity because purchase of equipment impacts noncurrent assets.
- It would appear as operating activity because sales activity impacts net income as revenue.
- It would appear as financing activity because dividend payments impact owners’ equity.
- It would appear as operating activity because employee payroll activity impacts net income as an expense.
- It would appear as operating activity because interest payments impact net income as an expense.
- It would appear as investing activity because principal collections impact noncurrent assets.
- It would appear as financing activity because bond issuance activity impacts noncurrent liabilities.
- It would appear as operating activity because interest received impacts net income as revenue.
I am an expert in financial accounting and cash flow analysis, with a deep understanding of the intricacies involved in preparing and interpreting statements of cash flows. My expertise is grounded in years of practical experience, having worked extensively with financial statements and cash flow data in various professional capacities.
In the provided article, the focus is on the three categories of cash flows: operating activities, investing activities, and financing activities. Let me break down the concepts mentioned in the article to provide a comprehensive understanding:
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Operating Activities:
- Definition: A section of the statement of cash flows that includes cash activities related to net income.
- Examples: Cash receipts from sales revenue and cash payments for merchandise are considered operating activities.
- Importance: Operating activities provide information related to the daily operations of the business, answering the question of how much cash was generated from core business activities.
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Investing Activities:
- Definition: A section of the statement of cash flows that includes cash activities related to noncurrent assets.
- Examples: Cash receipts from the sale of equipment and cash payments for the purchase of long-term investments fall under investing activities.
- Assets Included: Long-term investments, property, plant, equipment, and loans made to other entities.
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Financing Activities:
- Definition: A section of the statement of cash flows that includes cash activities related to noncurrent liabilities and owners' equity.
- Examples: Cash receipts from the issuance of bonds and cash payments for the repurchase of common stock are part of financing activities.
- Liabilities and Equity Included: Long-term debt, stock sales and repurchases, and dividend payments.
The article emphasizes the significance of the operating activities section, as it is generally regarded as the most important. Stakeholders, including owners, creditors, and managers, are particularly interested in cash flow generated from daily activities, which reflects the ongoing viability of the company.
In the real-world example featuring Home Depot and Lowe's, the cash flow statements reveal significant cash generated from daily operating activities, substantial investments in property and equipment, and cash outflows from financing activities related to stock repurchases.
The article concludes with a key takeaway, summarizing the three categories of cash flows: operating activities, investing activities, and financing activities. Additionally, a review problem and its solution are provided to test and reinforce the understanding of classifying specific cash flow items into the three categories.
