The Ultimate Investment Banking Cheat Sheet II: Actual Interview Questions and Answers (2024)

Earlier this month, we posted a cheat sheet of actual interview questions asked of Ivy League MBA students by U.S. investment banks. We had more than we knew what to do with. Below are the remaining, along with suggested answers compiled by the students themselves.

Why might two companies have a different cost of equity?

They have different betas. The beta of a stock measures that stock’s sensitivity to movements in the overall stock market. More volatile stocks have a beta higher than one; less volatile stocks have a beta less than one.

In an all-stock transaction, a company with a lower P/E is buying a company with a higher P/E. What is the effect of this transaction? What happens if you use debt/cash to make part of the above transaction? Why?

The point of this question is to get you to say whether the acquisition is accretive or dilutive. Generally, companies do not want dilutive acquisitions since they destroy shareholder value. The combined company’s ratio will have a higher P/E than the acquirer originally did (but lower than the seller, obviously). However, since more shares will have to be issued by the lower P/E company (than would have been needed if the acquirer had a higher P/E ratio), the combined company will have a lower EPS (dilutive acquisition). Typically, the company with the higher growth rate and growth potential commands a higher P/E . The opposite is true for companies with lower P/E ratios. If you throw in debt/cash, fewer shares will be needed for the acquisition, thus the transaction will be less dilutive, and potentially accretive.

If a company changes its method of inventory valuation from LIFO to FIFO in an inflationary environment, what is the impact on the three financial statements?

If a company changes its method of inventory valuation from LIFO to FIFO in an inflationary environment, it means that COGS will fall, since goods purchased earlier are being charged to COGS and ending balance of inventory will rise since recently purchased goods will now be reflected in ending inventory. This means that income will rise in the I/S, and value of assets will increase in the B/S.

Of the three main valuation methods (DCF, Public comparables and transaction comparables), rank them in terms of which gives you the highest price. Which one typically yields the highest valuation?

Simple answer – it depends. Depends on discount rate in DCF model, depends on the comparable companies used, depends on whether the market is hot/cold and the companies are overvalued/undervalued for no good reason. Generally, however, transaction comps would give the highest valuation, since a transaction value would include a premium for shareholders over the actual value. The second highest valuation would probably be the DCF, since there are a lot more assumptions that are involved (growth rate, discount rate, terminal value, tax rates, etc), but it can also be the most accurate depending on how good the assumptions are.

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If you had to pick one statement to look at (balance sheet, cash flow, income statement), which one would it be and way?

No right answer – can go with whichever one you like. Each has its advantages: income statement – shows the profitability of a company, trends in sales/expenses, margins, etc; balance sheet is a great way to see what items make up the company’s assets and who the company needs to pay back for those assets. Personally, I would go with the cash flow statement. At the end of the day, cash is king. A company that has positive income but very little cash is in deep trouble. Cash flows are used for DCF models, not net income. The cash flow statement allows observing important performance metrics from both income statements and balance sheets such as net income, depreciation, sources and uses of funds, changes in assets and liabilities.

Name two common ways companies can manage their earnings?

1) Changing accounting practices under GAAP (e.g. switching between S‐L Depreciation and Double Declining Balance; changing between LIFO and FIFO; etc…).

2) “Big bath” (taking negative hits in an already bad year and basically just writing the year off) or “Cookie Jar Accounting” (reducing top‐line revenues in good years and keeping them on reserve for bad years).

How do you value a company?

There are five common valuation methodologies.

  • Trading Range (the range the stock has been trading in during the past 52‐weeks). If we trust the market we should assume this is a reasonable place to start our analysis.
  • Discounted Cash Flow (DCF), also called Intrinsic Value, seeks to finda present value of all future cash flows of the firm that are available to stakeholders. This can be done using WACC or APV.
  • Public Comparables looks at peer companies to determine how the market values companies in the same or similar businesses using multiples including P/E and EV/EBITDA.
  • Acquisition Comparables, also called Deal Comps or Precedent Transactions, looks to see how much acquirers recently paid for similar businesses.
  • Asset Value, also called liquidation or breakup value, examines what you can sell the company’s assets for (including real estate).

In addition, valuation can be framed through:

  • Leveraged Buyout looks at what a financial sponsor could pay considering a target IRR and the debt capacity of the firm.
  • Merger Consequences Analysis is actually an affordability analysis (what can an acquirer pay) rather than an analysis of the value of a target.

What type of a company would be a good candidate for an LBO?

It is difficult to define the characteristics of a typical LBO candidate, but the following things are very important:

  • Good management (MOST IMPORTANT): could be new or old, but they need to be motivated, competent, qualified, and correctly incentive.If the management is old, you probably want to give them some equity interest in the company as an incentivizing tool. If the management is new, you need to find the right incentives.
  • Strong cash flow: cash flow should be healthy, steady, and predictable to allow for easy borrowing from creditors.
  • Massive required cash outflows for CapEx and R&D shouldn’t be necessary to the ongoing success of the company.
  • Exit strategy: Financial sponsor should have a strategy for exiting the company within an appropriate timeframe by either: selling the company to a strategic or financial buyer or IPOing the company. The exit multiple should be at least the acquisition multiple assuming the sponsor has improved the profitability of the profitability of the portfolio company.
  • Market niche: good niche in the markets for their product lines.
  • Steady stream of revenues and a client base that is not overly dependent on a few large customers.
  • Steady growth pattern, as growth in profitability will accelerate the repayment of debt; growth will also help the valuation of the company if the sponsor is looking to IPO the company.
  • Work force: must be flexible and willing to participate, as business plans change and assets are often redeployed after an LBO.
  • Skeletons in the boardroom: litigation or environmental concerns could be dealbreakers since these issues could make it difficult to attain financing.
  • Technology: state‐of‐the‐art technology helps ensure maximum efficiency and profitability; also decreases need for large CapEx in the future.
  • Buried treasure: deal‐makers are always looking for untapped or hidden resources such as, real estate, exclusive licenses, rights, patents, contracts, franchises, etc… from which maximum value has yet to be unleashed.
  • Costs: a company must have the capacity and willingness to cut costs.
The Ultimate Investment Banking Cheat Sheet II: Actual Interview Questions and Answers (2024)

FAQs

What are the questions asked in investment banking interview? ›

Basic Investment Banking Interview Questions
  • Who is an Investment Banker? ...
  • What are the three financial statements? ...
  • How can a company be valued? ...
  • How to calculate the cost of equity? ...
  • What is higher - the cost of equity or the cost of debt? ...
  • What is the formula for Enterprise Value?
Mar 27, 2023

How do I prepare for an IB interview? ›

7 Tips To Acing Your Investment Banking Interview
  1. Show That You'll Be Easy To Work With. ...
  2. Know Your Stuff. ...
  3. Be Respectful & Reserved. ...
  4. Bring Your Elevator Pitch. ...
  5. Show You Are Eager To Learn. ...
  6. Lay Some Groundwork Beforehand. ...
  7. Get Your Financial Statements Right.

What questions are asked in final round interview investment banking? ›

Valuation/Finance Questions
  • How do you value a company?
  • What's the difference between equity value and enterprise value?
  • How do you calculate enterprise value from equity value (and vice versa)?
  • Walk me through a discounted cash flow (DCF) model?
  • What is the discount rate (i.e. WACC) and how do you calculate it?

Which investment banks have the hardest interviews? ›

PJT Partners, launched within the last five years by famed rainmaker Paul Taubman, leads the list, with 99% of candidates considering the interviews to be difficult.

How to pass an investment banking interview? ›

Investment banking interview prep guide (relax, start here)
  1. Understand the interview process and timeline.
  2. Research your target firm.
  3. Prep answers to common questions.
  4. Practice out loud.
  5. Do mock interviews.
Mar 14, 2022

What is a good weakness for investment banking? ›

Give a BS answer like “I work too much” or “I'm too much of a perfectionist.” Give a legitimate weakness, like saying that you sometimes lose focus when working on extended projects, or that you have trouble delegating work to others, and then show how you've been working to improve yourself.

How to break into IB with no experience? ›

Table Of Contents:
  1. Step 1: Win “Steppingstone” Internships or Jobs.
  2. Step 2: Craft Your Story.
  3. Step 3: Bankify Your Resume/CV.
  4. Step 4: Network Your Way into Interviews and Offers.
  5. Step 5: Prepare for Investment Banking Interviews.
  6. Step 6: Complete the Investment Banking Interview Process and Win Offers.

Is it hard to pass IB? ›

Getting a 45 in the IB is an extremely difficult task. Not only does it require extreme effort but a lot of help along the way. That being said, there are a number of students who reach this unreachable goal every year. Last year that number was 275 students, or 0.41% of candidates.

What to expect from an IB interview? ›

Many of the technical questions you get will be on basic accounting and valuation. They will ask you questions on discounted cash flow analysis, intrinsic valuation vs. relative valuation, etc. Interviewers may also give you challenging brainteasers to see how you think about problems on the spot.

What questions to ask during M&A interview? ›

What experience do you have in an M&A role? How has your education prepared you for working in finance? Can you describe a situation when you used your problem-solving skills to resolve a conflict? What was the most successful deal you worked on?

How many rounds of interviews is normal for investment banking? ›

Investment banks typically hold two rounds of interviews, although some hold more than this. The first round usually takes the form of a telephone interview or video interview. Questions about your motivation for applying often feature heavily in this initial interview.

What are the best behavioral interview questions investment banking? ›

Give me an example where you sought out a problem to solve because it represented a challenge for you. Give me an example where you came up with a creative solution to a problem. Give me examples of your leadership abilities. Tell me about a time when you worked in a team and something went wrong.

What are the big 4 investment banks? ›

What Are the Big 4 Investment Banks? The big four are JPMorgan, Goldman Sachs, Citigroup, and Morgan Stanley. Some other global giants are treading right on their heels, including Deutsche Bank, Barclays, Credit Suisse, and UBS.

What is the most respected investment bank? ›

Bankers continue to regard Goldman Sachs as the world's most prestigious bank, followed (as always) by Morgan Stanley and JP Morgan. Credit Suisse and UBS lost the most ground in 2022 while LionTree Advisors' reputation improved the most in the eyes of bankers.

How to stand out in a JP Morgan interview? ›

Stay up to date on the news, both general and firm-specific, so you can speak from a place of knowledge and confidence.
...
Analytical Skills
  1. Tell me about a time when you had a positive impact on a project. ...
  2. Describe a task that really tested your analytical abilities.

How to answer why should we hire you for investment banking? ›

How to answer "Why investment banking?" in an interview
  1. Showcase your interest in the industry. ...
  2. Focus on how can you can be beneficial. ...
  3. Include your educational background. ...
  4. Offer some on-the-job examples. ...
  5. Highlight your strengths and skills. ...
  6. Example 1.
  7. Example 2.
  8. Example 3.
Mar 10, 2023

What is the acceptance rate for JP Morgan Superday? ›

While Superday is the final step in the interview process, it isn't a time to relax. Considering that Goldman Sachs is reported to have a 1.5% acceptance rate into its internship programs, and JPMorgan only had around 400 openings for nearly 50,000 applicants in 2021, landing a spot at a major bank is no easy feat.

What is investment banking biggest failure? ›

March 10 (Reuters) - Startup-focused lender SVB Financial Group (SIVB. O) became the largest bank to fail since the 2008 financial crisis on Friday, in a sudden collapse that roiled global markets, left billions of dollars belonging to companies and investors stranded.

What are Goldman Sachs weaknesses? ›

Weaknesses of Goldman Sachs

High Employee Turnover Rate – Goldman Sachs has a higher turnover rate compared to its competitors, which means more employees are leaving their jobs and, as a result, more money is spent on training and development when employees leave and join.

Where do you see yourself in 5 years? ›

Answer for “Where do you see yourself in 5 years?” “In five years, I see myself as an integral part of the company who has helped contribute to the growth and success of the organization. I would like to continue developing my skills and knowledge in order to be able to take on more responsibility within the company.

Do investment banks hire non interns? ›

The short answer is yes — but it will be hard. The full-time analyst acceptance rate is likely significantly lower than that of internships, especially considering the lack of relevant finance experience.

Can you be an investment banker with no experience? ›

Here are a few tips on how to land a job in investment banking when you have no experience. It's almost impossible to stress enough how important this is. You need to get to know people in the field and have them create a bridge between you and the bank. It's a lot easier and safer than having to apply normally.

What is the acceptance rate for investment banking? ›

This is common across the industry where acceptance rates for programs are typically less than 2%. Despite its tough publicity over the years, investment banking is still a highly sought-after career in the finance sector.

What is the hardest IB subject? ›

Top 10 Hardest IBDP Subjects
  1. IB Maths Analysis & Approaches.
  2. IB Chemistry.
  3. IB History.
  4. IB English Literature.
  5. IB Computer Science.
  6. IB Maths Applications & Interpretations.
  7. IB Biology.
  8. IB Arabic B.

What is the hardest subject combination in IB? ›

Mathematics HL is one of the hardest International Baccalaureate subjects for high school students. The subject not only has difficult concepts and complex optional topics, but also an immense workload and tricky exam questions.

Is IB harder than college? ›

It depends. Some students argue that IB is more challenging because of the emphasis on critical thinking and the more application-focused evaluations. However, both IB and AP classes are considered college-level courses that many students find challenging.

What is the average IB pass rate? ›

* Based on the Statistical Bulletin of November 2021, the world averages are as follows: Average pass rate: 87.4% Average points: 32.3.

Is a 7 on an IB exam good? ›

IB Grade Scale

Each subject is graded 1–7, with 7 being the highest grade.

Is a 3 passing on an IB exam? ›

The IB does not assign passing scores for individual courses. A student simply receives a course score between one and seven.

What are the 3 most popular questions asked at any interview? ›

Common interview questions
  • Tell me about yourself.
  • Why are you interested in working for this company?
  • Tell me about your education.
  • Why have you chosen this particular field?
  • Describe your best/worst boss.
  • In a job, what interests you most/least?
  • What is your major weakness?

How do I ace my M&A interview? ›

Essential interview preparation in M&A (Analyst 2 – Associate 1)
  1. Background of team (find them on LinkedIn etc.)
  2. Specific deals they have worked on and the complexities of the deals.
  3. General background on the business.
  4. Understanding of who the main competitors are as a general and also on deals.

What are the three keys to M&A success? ›

Communicate, communicate, communicate to manage stakeholder expectations.” “Culture and bias were the biggest factors inhibiting a successful M&A.”

What is rule of 12 in interview? ›

Rule 12 - Court Interviews of Children (a)Generally. On a party's motion or on its own, the court may conduct an in camera interview with a minor child who is the subject of a legal decision-making or parenting time dispute to ascertain the child's preferences as to both.

How many people usually get shortlisted? ›

While there isn't a fixed 'right' number of candidates to include on a shortlist, the ultimate goal for a shortlist is to narrow it down a to between three and five people. Considering culture is important during the hiring process, Gorton says.

How long is an IB interview? ›

These generally consist of 30-45 minute interview slots, where candidates will meet with 1-2 investment bankers (usually Associates and VPs). There will be both behavioral and technical questions asked — so make sure to prepare for classic investment banking interview questions beforehand.

What are top 5 behavioral interview questions? ›

Common Behavioral Interview Questions
  • What makes an ideal coworker in your eyes?
  • How do you prioritize projects under pressure?
  • How would handle your schedule when it's interrupted?
  • Have you ever bent company policy to satisfy a client?
  • How have you handled setbacks at work?
Jan 20, 2023

What traits do you think make a successful investment banker interview? ›

To make sure you're a good fit for investment banking, here is a list of traits that are considered important in the industry:
  • Willingness to work extremely long hours (80+ per week)
  • High attention to detail.
  • Ability to take direction well.
  • Team player.
  • Great at Excel, Word, and PowerPoint.
Dec 14, 2022

What is a Tier 1 investment bank? ›

A tier 1 investment bank has massive financial strength. The four major banks of the US, namely JPMorgan, Bank of America, Wells Fargo and Citigroup, are the tier 1 banks in terms of their valuation, asset holding, revenue and net income.

What are some Tier 3 investment banks? ›

The very top investment banks from this list are:
  • Tier 1 – J.P. Morgan, Goldman Sachs, Citigroup, Bank of America, Morgan Stanley.
  • Tier 2 – Deutsche Bank, Barclays, Credit Suisse, UBS.
  • Tier 3 – HSBC, BNP Paribas, Société Générale.
Jul 4, 2022

What are the top 3 investment banks? ›

The largest investment banks are noted with the following:
  • JPMorgan Chase.
  • Goldman Sachs.
  • BofA Securities.
  • Morgan Stanley.
  • Citigroup.
  • UBS.
  • Credit Suisse.
  • Deutsche Bank.

What is the #1 investment bank in the US? ›

Goldman Sachs is widely known as the most prestigious investment bank on Wall Street. The bank's interns receive phenomenal training, hands-on experience, and the opportunity to rotate across many groups and desks.

What is the highest salary of investment banking? ›

Average Annual Salary
  • ₹ 1.8L (lowest) ₹ 1.8-6.2 Lpa 199 Reported.
  • ₹ 6.2-10.6 Lpa 41 Reported.
  • ₹ 10.6-15.0 Lpa 17 Reported.
  • ₹ 15.0-19.4 Lpa 5 Reported.
  • ₹ 19.4-23.8 Lpa 16 Reported.
  • ₹ 23.8-28.2 Lpa 10 Reported.
  • ₹ 28.2-32.6 Lpa 2 Reported.
  • ₹ 37.0L (highest) ₹ 32.6-37.0 Lpa 3 Reported.

What are the top salaries for investment bankers? ›

Investment Banker Salary and Bonus Report: 2023 Update
Position TitleTypical Age RangeTotal Compensation (USD)
Analyst22-27$150-$200K
Associate25-35$250-$450K
Vice President (VP)28-40$500-$700K
Director / Senior Vice President (SVP)32-45$600-$800K
1 more row

What is the most controversial investment bank? ›

Goldman Sachs controversies are the controversies surrounding the American multinational investment bank Goldman Sachs. The bank and its activities have generated substantial controversy and legal issues around the world and is the subject of speculation about its involvement in global finance and politics.

What is more prestigious than investment banking? ›

Private equity is extremely prestigious. Compensation for both careers is very high, but the work/life balance in private equity is better, it is often the preferred exit route for investment bankers who have a few years of experience.

What is the #1 safest investment? ›

High-quality bonds and fixed-indexed annuities are often considered the safest investments with the highest returns. However, there are many different types of bond funds and annuities, each with risks and rewards. For example, government bonds are generally more stable than corporate bonds based on past performance.

What questions are asked in Goldman Sachs interview? ›

Behavioral Interview Questions in Goldman Sachs Tech Interview
  • Describe a conflict you had with a colleague in the past. ...
  • Describe a time when you went above and beyond with your customer service.
  • What does integrity mean to you?
  • Tell us about an obstacle you overcame.
Feb 3, 2023

What to expect in a first round investment banking interview? ›

General rule in a first round investment banking phone interview is that you can't miss any technical questions that arise. Typically bankers like to ask at least one technical question to gauge that you have done your homework. They usually aren't the hardest questions but you should be prepared to answer them.

What do investment banking interviews look like? ›

Many of the technical questions you get will be on basic accounting and valuation. They will ask you questions on discounted cash flow analysis, intrinsic valuation vs. relative valuation, etc. Interviewers may also give you challenging brainteasers to see how you think about problems on the spot.

What are the 4 values of Goldman Sachs? ›

Our purpose comes to life through our four core values: Partnership, Client Service, Integrity, and Excellence.

Is Goldman Sachs interview difficult? ›

Goldman Sachs Interviews FAQs

Is it hard to get hired at Goldman Sachs? Glassdoor users rated their interview experience at Goldman Sachs as 64.9% positive with a difficulty rating score of 3.26 out of 5 (where 5 is the highest level of difficulty).

Is it easy to crack Goldman Sachs interview? ›

Is it easy to crack a Goldman Sachs interview? Interviews at Goldman Sach are quite similar to other good tech companies. It is not that difficult to crack. The interviewer only checks that you have the skills to solve challenges.

Where do you see yourself in 5 years investment banking interview? ›

Q: Where do you see yourself professionally in five years? Five years is a long way down the road, but I know that finance will always have a grip on me. I could see myself in investment banking for the long-term, but that would have to depend on my performance and my family situation.

What is the best answer to why should I hire you? ›

The first thing you should do when answering “why should we hire you?” is to highlight any skills and professional experience that are relevant to the position you're applying for. To make your answer all the more valid, make sure to always back up everything you say with examples, experiences, and achievements.

What is the best answer to why should we hire you? ›

Show that you have skills and experience to do the job and deliver great results. You never know what other candidates offer to the company. But you know you: emphasize your key skills, strengths, talents, work experience, and professional achievements that are fundamental to getting great things done on this position.

What to answer in why should I hire you? ›

“Honestly, I possess all the skills and experience that you're looking for. I'm pretty confident that I am the best candidate for this job role. It's not just my background in the past projects, but also my people skills, which will be applicable in this position.

How hard is it to get an interview at an investment bank? ›

The first step on your path to an investment banking career is to get an interview. Investment banking is extremely competitive with way more applicants than available positions each year. You will often be up against students from Ivy League universities, with a high GPAs and multiple internships under their belts.

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