You can withdraw your contributions from your Roth individual retirement account (IRA) at any time and for any reason, but that does not mean it is a good idea. There are a number of reasons why you might want to think twice before taking an early withdrawal from a Roth IRA.
Key Takeaways
- Unlike a traditional individual retirement account (IRA) or a 401(k), savers can withdraw Roth IRA contributions (but not gains) without penalty or tax.
- On the positive side, these funds can provide emergency savings and avoid the need for a loan.
- On the downside, you cannot repay that money, so you will be reducing your retirement nest egg. Also, if you access any gains, you are subject to potential fees and taxes.
Pros
You can withdraw contributions for free.
There are exceptions to early-withdrawal penalties.
You can use your Roth IRA as an emergency fund.
You can avoid taking out a loan.
Cons
You may owe taxes and penalties.
You cannot repay the money.
You miss out on future earnings.
Pro: You Can Withdraw Contributions for Free
A Roth IRA offers a unique tool for accessing money in a pinch. You can withdraw contributions at any age, for any reason, without owing any income taxes or penalties. The reason: You made your Roth IRA contributions with after-tax money, so you have paid the taxes on it already.
Contributions are the money that you deposited into your Roth account. Your total Roth IRA balance includes both contributions and earnings—the interest and dividends that your contributions have accumulated since they were invested.
While you can withdraw your contributions tax- and penalty-free at any time, earnings work differently. If you withdraw earnings, you may owe taxes and penalties. It depends on your age, how long you have held the account, and how you plan to use the money.
Pro: There Are Exceptions to Early-Withdrawal Penalties
If you wait until you’re at least age 59½ and your account is at least five years old (the five-year rule), you can withdraw contributions and earnings without owing taxes or penalties.
But what happens if you need the money sooner? You may qualify for an exception to the early-withdrawal penalty. You can avoid the penalty if you use the money:
- For a first-time home purchase (subject to a $10,000 lifetime limit)
- To pay for qualified higher education expenses
- For unreimbursed medical expenses (greater than 10% of adjusted gross income (AGI) in 2022)
- As a series of substantially equal periodic payments
- To pay back taxes because of an Internal Revenue Service (IRS) levy placed against the IRA
- Because you have a permanent disability
- Because you pass away (and your beneficiary or estate takes the distribution)
Pro: You Can Use Your Roth IRA as an Emergency Fund
Conventional wisdom suggests that you should maintain an emergency fund of three to six months of living expenses. But that’s a tall order for many people.
For that reason, more people are reaching into their retirement accounts—Roth IRAs, traditional IRAs, and 401(k) plans—when an emergency hits. All of these retirement funds can provide a pool of cash to tap for emergencies and major expenses, such as buying a home or starting a business.
The advantage of the Roth is that you may be able to take the money out tax free. And if you don’t have any emergencies, you can just leave it alone to continue growing.
Pro: You Can Avoid Taking a Loan
If you need money, an early withdrawal also can help you avoid borrowing money from a lender. Loans usually have high interest rates, which can make borrowing expensive. This is particularly true if you have bad credit and don’t have access to traditional lending options.
Still, that does not mean it is free to take money out of your retirement account. You could be on the hook for taxes and penalties that could end up costing more than a loan. So be sure to run the numbers before choosing between a loan and an early withdrawal.
Con: You May Owe Taxes and Penalties
You could be hit with a 10% early-withdrawal penalty and income taxes if you withdraw any earnings from your Roth IRA.
You may be able to escape both the taxes and the penalty if the account is at least five years old and you are59½ years old, or if you meet a few other specifications. Here’s a quick rundown:
If you have met the five-year rule and are:
- Under age 59½: Withdrawals of earnings are subject to taxes and penalties. You may be able to avoid both if you use the money for a first-time home purchase, or if you have a permanent disability or pass away (and your beneficiary takes the distribution).
- Age 59½ and older: No taxes or penalties.
If you have not met the five-year rule and are:
- Under age 59½: Withdrawals of earnings are subject to taxes and penalties.You may be able to avoid the penalty (but not the taxes) if you use the money for a first-time home purchase, qualified higher education expenses, or unreimbursed medical expenses, or if you have a permanent disability or pass away (and your beneficiary takes the distribution).
- Age 59½ and older: Withdrawals of earnings are subject to taxes, but not penalties. As noted above, if you can wait the five years, then you avoid both.
Con: You Can’t Repay the Money
In general, you can borrow up to $50,000 (or 50% of your vested balance) from a 401(k) and repay it within five years. While that puts you a little behind on your retirement savings, the money still ends up back in the account.
IRAs work differently. You cannot borrow money long term from an IRA. Instead, any money that you take out is a withdrawal, not a loan. You have 60 days to redeposit the money into the same IRA or another qualified account. After that, it is considered a permanent withdrawal—with tax and penalty consequences.
Con: You Miss out on Future Earnings
Since you cannot repay the money, you will miss out on future earnings, and that can take a huge bite out of your retirement savings. This is the biggest drawback to taking an early withdrawal.
The value of a Roth IRA and other tax-advantaged retirement accounts is the power of compounding interest. If you withdraw money from your Roth IRA early, that money never compounds because it won’t be there. Plus, the interest that you would have earned had you left the money alone will never earn interest, either.
Here’s a quick example: Let’s assume you invested $5,000 every year for 20 years and earned an average 8% annual rate of return. After those 20 years, your account would have grown to about $247,000. If you never invested another dime and just let your balance compound for the next 20 years, you would be sitting on more than $1.15 million.
But what would happen if you had taken just one $20,000 early withdrawal from your Roth IRA after that first 20 years? In the end, your account would have grown to less than $1.06 million. While that’s nothing to sneeze at, taking that $20,000 early cost you around $93,000 in future earnings from compounding interest.
How Can You Avoid Withdrawals from a Roth IRA?
First, you might try to think of ways to increase your income or reduce your expenses. Could you take on a side job or sell some of your possessions on eBay, Craigslist, Facebook, or Poshmark to earn some extra cash? Or perhaps you need a budget to keep track of your spending.
If you are still in need of cash after exploring these options and you own a home, you could consider taking out a home equity loan—provided you have enough equity to borrow against your home’s value. Or you could consider a cash-out refinance, which means that you refinance your mortgage and take cash out at closing.
A third option is a personal loan, but the interest rates are generally higher than for a home loan because they are unsecured.
A fourth option, if you have good or excellent credit, is to apply for a credit card with a 0% annual percentage rate (APR) balance transfer or 0% APR introductory rate.
All of these options come with advantages and disadvantages, so consider them carefully before deciding whether one is a better option than withdrawing Roth IRA funds.
How Much Is the Early-Withdrawal Penalty on a Roth IRA?
The early-withdrawal penalty is 10%. You will have to pay this penalty if your Roth IRA is less than five years old and you withdraw earnings before you reach age 59½. (You can withdraw your contributions at any time without penalty since you have already paid taxes on them.) You also may have to pay taxes on your withdrawal. There are exceptions to these rules that would allow you to avoid taxes and penalties—for example, if you use the funds to buy your first home, or if you become permanently disabled.
Can You Repay Your Roth IRA?
Removing money from an IRA is not like taking out a loan. You have 60 days from when you withdraw the funds to put it back into the same account or into another qualified retirement account. After that, the money is considered permanently withdrawn. You also may have to pay a penalty and/or taxes on the withdrawal.
The Bottom Line
When you have no other option, it may be comforting to know that you can take an early withdrawal from your Roth IRA. But it may be a last resort. Crunch the numbers and speak with a qualified financial planner or investment advisor if you have questions.
