What Is the Golden Rule of Government Spending?
The golden rule of government spending is a fiscal policy that a government should borrow only to invest, not to fund current spending. In other words, the government should borrow money only to make investments that will produce long-term benefits for the future. Current spending, or spending on short-term needs, should be funded by tax revenues.
Key Takeaways
- The golden rule of government spending is a fiscal policy that a government should borrow only to invest in projects that will create long-term, future benefits.
- Under the rule, current expenditures should be financed through taxation, not by issuing new sovereign debt.
- Variations of the golden rule have been employed by several European and Asian countries; however, the U.S. government has not adopted this principle.
- When adopted, the golden rule generally incorporates flexibility to address economic emergencies, such as the 2008 financial crisis and the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic.
Understanding the Golden Rule
Supporters of the golden rule of government spending, which limits borrowing to funding investments, generally seek to protect future generations from being overburdened by debt attributable to borrowing for current expenditures. Some economists emphasize that other policies also affect future generations’ debt burden. They contend that the golden rule is not the optimal way to achieve intergenerational fairness. Others support the golden rule to realize a different goal: limiting the size of government.
The golden rule in fiscal policy has been implemented in a number of countries. While its application varies from country to country, the basic premise of spending less than the government takes in is always at its foundation. Most countries that have adopted the rule—the United States is not one of them—have had to make changes in their constitution or statutes.
Some countries have experienced a reduction in deficits as a share of gross domestic product (GDP) as a result. Governments may also need more flexible fiscal policies during economic downturns and emergencies.
The golden rule in government spending is different than the ethical golden rule, "do unto others as you would have them do unto you," which can be found in the places like Talmud, the New Testament, and the Koran.
International Applications of the Golden Rule
Over the last 30 years, a number of countries, particularly nations with advanced economies. have adopted fiscal policies incorporating some form of the golden rule. Whether effected as law or as the policy of a governing party, these policies generally provided exceptions for economic emergencies.
At various times, golden rule policies have helped Canada, New Zealand, Sweden, Switzerland, and
Germany reduce spending growth and debt levels. The United Kingdom adopted a golden rule policy in 1998. By 2007 economic problems and shortfalls in tax revenues undercut compliance. Even before the international financial crisis in 2008, the economy's need for government support and stimulus led the UK to abandon the policy.
The European Union’s experience with the golden rule indicates that, because of economic unpredictability, the policy operates better as a guideline than as an absolute requirement.In 1997, the European Union adopted a Stability and Growth Pact (SGP) to monitor and stabilize the Economic and Monetary Union and to coordinate fiscal policy among EU members. EU member states were to implement fiscal policies designed to achieve deficits no higher than 3% of GDP and maintain a debt level below 60% of GDP. In 2005, the rules were revised to allow greater flexibility; additional rules and oversight policies were adopted following the 2008 financial crisis.
As a result of the Covid-19 pandemic in 2020, the EU suspended the SGP borrowing limits until 2023. Some members are seeking further amendments to provide more flexibility in the future. And in May 2022, the EU announced that it was proposing a further suspension of the limits through 2023.
No Golden Rule for the United States
The United States federal government has not adopted a fiscal policy reflecting the golden rule. Although some commentators on U.S. fiscal policy urge the adoption of a golden rule, others recommend a more flexible, multi-faceted approach. From time to time, policymakers have proposed legislation—even a Constitutional amendment—that would require a balanced budget.
Currently, the federal government is subject to a legislated budget ceiling. When the government’s borrowing authority nears its limit, the debt ceiling is increased by Congressional action, often generating political debate. In 1985, Congress passed the Gramm-Rudmann-Hollings bill, which
specified annual deficit targets that, if missed, would trigger an automaticsequestrationprocess. The following year the Supreme Court ruled that the law was unconstitutional.
On Jan. 13, 2023, Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen warned that the U.S. was expected to reach the $31.38 trillion borrowing ceiling Congress approved in December 2021 on Jan. 19. On that day, she announced that Treasury can take "extraordinary measures" to forestall a shutdown until "early June." After that point, Congress will need to take action to avert a government shutdown and a default on the federal government's debt obligations.
Why Is Not Borrowing for Current Expenses Called the 'Golden Rule' of Government Spending?
Supporters believe that limiting government borrowing to funding only projects that will pay off in the future protects future generations. This is because they won't be burdened by debt from borrowing for expenditures that benefited people in the past, but not them. It is called the "golden rule" to compare it to the ethical golden rule and show that its supporters believe it is equally fundamental.
Is the European Union Following the Golden Rule of Government Spending Now?
In May 2022, the European Commission announced that it was proposing to extend its suspension of borrowing limits through 2023. Key goals were funding the transition to a digitized green economy not dependent on Russian gas and recovering from the pandemic.
What Is the US Debt Limit?
The debt limit is the total amount of money the U.S. is authorized to borrow to meet obligations such as Social Security and Medicare benefits, military salaries, interest on the national debt, and tax refunds. To date, the U.S. government has never defaulted on its debts.
The Bottom Line
The golden rule that goes deep into ancient history has a more modern incarnation—the golden rule of government spending. This concept believes that future generations shouldn't be burdened with debt incurred by governments for current-day expenditures that long predate them. Instead, it decrees, governments should only take on debt to pay for investments that will produce long-term benefits for the future.
A number of countries have experimented with fiscal policy that seeks to adhere to this rule, though not the United States. It has periodically needed to be suspended in times of financial emergency. In fact, in the EU, borrowing limits are still on a hiatus that began in 2020.
As an expert in fiscal policy and government spending, I can confidently assert that the golden rule of government spending is a well-established concept in economic theory. The golden rule posits that a government should borrow only to invest in projects that yield long-term benefits, rather than to fund current expenditures. This principle aims to safeguard future generations from the burden of debt incurred for short-term needs.
The key evidence supporting the golden rule lies in its historical application across various countries, particularly in Europe. Nations such as Canada, New Zealand, Sweden, Switzerland, and Germany have implemented variations of the golden rule, experiencing reductions in deficits and debt levels. The golden rule is often incorporated into a country's constitution or statutes, emphasizing the commitment to spending less than the government receives.
The article rightly points out that the United States has not adopted the golden rule of government spending. While some commentators advocate for its adoption, the U.S. government has pursued a more flexible approach, occasionally proposing legislation or constitutional amendments to ensure a balanced budget. Currently, the U.S. operates with a legislated budget ceiling, subject to periodic increases through Congressional action.
The European Union's experience with the golden rule, as outlined in the Stability and Growth Pact (SGP), illustrates the challenges of adhering strictly to fiscal rules, especially during economic crises. The EU temporarily suspended borrowing limits in response to the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic and extended this suspension through 2023. This flexibility acknowledges the unpredictability of economic conditions.
Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen's recent warning about the U.S. approaching its borrowing ceiling further underscores the ongoing debate about fiscal policies in the United States. The golden rule's supporters argue that limiting government borrowing to long-term investments protects future generations from shouldering debt incurred for current-day expenditures.
The term "golden rule" in government spending is deliberately chosen to draw parallels with the ethical golden rule, emphasizing its fundamental nature. The article clarifies that the ethical golden rule, "do unto others as you would have them do unto you," is distinct from the fiscal golden rule but shares a common principle of fundamental importance.
In summary, the golden rule of government spending is a consequential fiscal policy that has been implemented and debated globally. Its application varies, and flexibility is often necessary, especially during economic emergencies. The article effectively presents the historical context, international applications, and the current status of the golden rule, providing a comprehensive overview of this important economic concept.
