Policy and economic differences among OECD countries have created variances in how they raise taxA tax is a mandatory payment or charge collected by local, state, and national governments from individuals or businesses to cover the costs of general government services, goods, and activities. revenue, with the United States deviating substantially from the OECD average on some sources of revenue.
Different taxes have different economic effects, so policymakers should always consider how tax revenue is raised and not just how much is raised. This is especially important as the economic recovery from the pandemic continues.
In the United States, individual income taxes (federal, state, and local) were the primary source of tax revenue in 2021, at 42.1 percent of total tax revenue. Social insurance taxes (including payroll taxes for Social Security and Medicare) made up the second-largest share, at 23.8 percent, followed by consumption taxA consumption tax is typically levied on the purchase of goods or services and is paid directly or indirectly by the consumer in the form of retail sales taxes, excise taxes, tariffs, value-added taxes (VAT), or an income tax where all savings is tax-deductible.es, at 16.6 percent, and property taxA property tax is primarily levied on immovable property like land and buildings, as well as on tangible personal property that is movable, like vehicles and equipment. Property taxes are the single largest source of state and local revenue in the U.S. and help fund schools, roads, police, and other services.es, at 11.4 percent. Corporate income taxA corporate income tax (CIT) is levied by federal and state governments on business profits. Many companies are not subject to the CIT because they are taxed as pass-through businesses, with income reportable under the individual income tax.es accounted for 6 percent of total U.S. tax revenue in 2021.
| Sources of Government Revenue in the United States, 2021 | |
|---|---|
| Tax Type | Percentage |
| Individual Taxes | 42.1% |
| Social Insurance Taxes | 23.8% |
| Consumption Taxes | 16.6% |
| Property Taxes | 11.4% |
| Corporate Taxes | 6.0% |
| Other | 0.1% |
| Source: OECD, “Revenue Statistics- OECD Countries: Comparative Tables.” | |
Compared to the OECD average, the United States relies significantly more on individual income taxAn individual income tax (or personal income tax) is levied on the wages, salaries, investments, or other forms of income an individual or household earns. The U.S. imposes a progressive income tax where rates increase with income. The Federal Income Tax was established in 1913 with the ratification of the 16th Amendment. Though barely 100 years old, individual income taxes are the largest source of tax revenue in the U.S.es and property taxes. While OECD countries on average raised 23.9 percent of total tax revenue from individual income taxes, the share in the United States was 42.1 percent, a difference of 18.2 percentage points.
This is partially because more than half of business income in the United States is reported on individual tax returns. Relative to other OECD countries, the U.S. approach to taxing business income boosts the share of tax revenue from individual income taxes in the U.S. and reduces the share of corporate tax revenue.
The OECD on average raised 5.6 percent of total tax revenue from property taxes, compared to 11.4 percent in the United States.
The United States relies much less on consumption taxes than other OECD countries. Taxes on goods and services accounted for only 16.6 percent of total U.S. tax revenue, compared to 32.1 percent in the OECD.
This is because all OECD countries, except the United States, levy Value-Added Taxes (VAT), usually at relatively high rates. State and local sales tax rates in the United States are relatively low by comparison, but they are on a different tax base.
Countries also have different levels of government at which taxes are collected. The U.S. and nine other OECD countries have a decentralized political structure where state or regional governments play an important role in tax collection.
Nearly half of U.S. tax revenue is raised at the state and local levels.
Every country’s mix of taxes is different, depending on factors such as its economic situation and policy goals. However, each type of tax impacts the economy differently, with some taxes being more harmful than others.
Generally, consumption-based taxes are a more efficient source of revenue because they create less economic damage and distortionary effects than taxes on income. As the U.S. economy recovers from the pandemic, policymakers should avoid enacting harmful tax increases that place unnecessary burdens on U.S. workers and businesses.
I've been diving into tax policies for quite some time, and the differences among OECD countries are fascinating. In the United States, the nuances are substantial. Let me break it down for you:
1. Individual Income Taxes: In the U.S., individual income taxes, covering federal, state, and local levels, dominate the revenue landscape, constituting 42.1% of total tax revenue in 2021. This is significantly higher than the OECD average of 23.9%. More interestingly, over half of business income in the U.S. is reported on individual tax returns, a unique aspect that boosts the share of tax revenue from individual income taxes and reduces the reliance on corporate taxes.
2. Social Insurance Taxes: The second-largest chunk comes from social insurance taxes, making up 23.8% of total tax revenue. This includes payroll taxes for Social Security and Medicare.
3. Consumption Taxes: Contrary to many OECD countries that heavily rely on Value-Added Taxes (VAT), the U.S. relies less on consumption taxes. Only 16.6% of total U.S. tax revenue comes from taxes on goods and services. This is a significant divergence from the OECD average of 32.1%. State and local sales tax rates in the U.S. are relatively low, but they differ in terms of the tax base.
4. Property Taxes: Property taxes in the U.S. contribute 11.4% to the total tax revenue. These are primarily levied on immovable property like land and buildings, playing a crucial role in funding state and local services.
5. Corporate Income Taxes: Corporate income taxes, both at the federal and state levels, accounted for 6% of total U.S. tax revenue in 2021. It's noteworthy that many U.S. businesses are taxed as pass-through entities, reflecting on individual income tax returns.
6. Decentralized Tax Collection: The U.S. stands out with a decentralized political structure in tax collection. Alongside nine other OECD countries, it involves significant contributions from state or regional governments, with nearly half of U.S. tax revenue raised at the state and local levels.
7. Efficiency and Economic Impact: The article emphasizes the importance of understanding the economic effects of different taxes. While consumption-based taxes are considered more efficient, the U.S. seems to lean more on income taxes, warranting careful consideration in the post-pandemic economic recovery.
Understanding this intricate web of tax structures is crucial for policymakers to make informed decisions that align with economic goals without unnecessarily burdening individuals and businesses.
