If you have a traditional IRA, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) isn't going to let you leave it untouched forever. Once you reach age 73 if you were born between 1951 and 1959 or 75 if you were born in 1960 or after, you fall under the required minimum distribution (RMD) rules. Before the passing of the SECURE 2.0 Act in December 2022, the age was 72.
These require you to take a certain amount from your traditional IRA, profit-sharing plans, 401(k)s, 403(b)s, 457(b)s, SEPs, and a few other less-common retirement plans. It does not apply to Roth IRAs while the owner is still living.
The amount of the distribution depends on a number of factors, but for now, let's focus on how you should take it. What is the most tax-efficient way? We asked some financial advisors to weigh in.
Key Takeaways
- It's usually easiest to take your required minimum distribution (RMD) in cash since there is no tax advantage. You can take just the dollar amount you need to, which you can't necessarily do otherwise.
- For clients that don't need their RMD to live off and wish to lower their taxes, a qualified charitable distribution (QCD) is an option.
- Taking two RMDs in the same year can generate higher taxes and impact Social Security income.
Cash or Stock?
Should you take your RMD by getting the cash or transferring the stock to another account? According to Michael J. Garry, managing member and chief compliance officer at Yardley Wealth Management, it doesn't matter for tax purposes. "There is usually little, if any, tax efficiency added by taking in-kind distributions instead of cash. Whatever comes out is taxed when distributed, and there are no embedded gains on either the cash or in-kind distribution."
He continues, "Because there is no advantage, it's usually easiest to just take cash. The advantage is that you can take exactly the amount you need to, which isn't always possible if you take an in-kind distribution of stock or a mutual fund."
He offers two exceptions, though: "First, if you don't have any cash in your IRA and either it is a depressed stock market, or a favored long-term holding of yours is depressed, it might be better to take an in-kind distribution rather than sell something at a depressed price. It won't help with taxes, but it might be the better investment decision."
"The other exception," he says, "is if you hold highly appreciated company stock in a company retirement plan and you want to use the net unrealized appreciation (NUA) rules. Then you'd take the stock out, pay taxes on the cost basis at ordinary income tax rates, and pay long-term capital gains rates on the rest of the appreciation (whether you sell immediately or in the future)."
Give It to Charity
If you have to take it, you might want to donate it. Wayne Bland, a financial advisor and retirement plan consultant with the Charlotte, N.C.-based Metro Retirement Plan Advisors, says, "For clients who don’t need their RMD to live off and wish to lower their taxes, I would consider a qualified charitable distribution (QCD). QCDs automatically satisfy required minimum distributions in the year the QCD is made. The IRS permits annual direct transfers to a qualified charity up to $100,000 of tax-deferred IRA savings."
Wait Until April 1?
Michael Tove, Ph.D., president and founder of AIN Services in Cary, N.C., says, "The law permits someone who is starting RMDs the first time (having reached age 73 or 75) to defer taking their first RMD until April 1 of the following year." But he goes on to say that it's probably not the best idea to wait because the person will have to take two RMDs in the same year, which could possibly generate higher taxes and have an impact on Social Security income.
He also provides another example: "Let's assume a taxpayer who is 73 or 75 on (or before) December 31 of the current year has an IRA worth $100,000. The RMD will be $3,650. For purposes of this illustration, assume the IRA account neither grows nor falls other than the removal of the RMD itself. If the $3,650 RMD is taken by or before December 31, the account value at the close of December 31 is $96,350. The RMD for the next year will be $3,636. However, if the first RMD of $3,650 is taken anytime from January 2 through April 1, the RMD due for that second year is based on $100,000 and would be $3,774."
He continues, "Taking the first RMD after December 31, though permitted by law, results in the second RMD being unnecessarily increased by $138. That may not be a lot in the grand scheme of things, but money is money. And the total amount of distribution reported in the second year just jumped from $3,774 to $7,286. Finally, considering the average IRA in this country is closer to $300,000, each of those bites just tripled in size."
What Is Required Minimum Distribution and How Is It Calculated?
Required minimum distribution is the monetary amount that you must withdraw from your retirement accounts at a certain age. It is obligatory to do so by law otherwise there will be penalties. The amount is calculated by dividing the account's prior year-end fair market value by a life expectancy factor. The factor is published by the IRS.
At What Age Do Required Minimum Distributions Begin?
If you were born between 1951 and 1959, RMDs begin at 73. If you were born in 1960 or after, they begin at 75.
How Do You Avoid Paying Taxes on RMDs?
As many retirement plans are funded with pre-tax dollars, such as 401(k)s and traditional IRAs, they are taxed when the funds are withdrawn. So when you begin taking RMDs from these accounts, they will be taxed.
The Bottom Line
All of the advisors we asked agreed that aside from using the QCD, there's little you can do to avoid paying taxes. Tove says, "There's no such thing as a most efficient tax way to take RMDs. The distribution is reported annually on Form 1040 as taxable income. Whether it is taken monthly, quarterly, or annually makes no difference."
I am an expert in financial planning and retirement strategies, specializing in tax-efficient approaches to managing retirement accounts. My in-depth knowledge extends to the intricacies of required minimum distributions (RMDs) and the recent legislative changes, such as the SECURE 2.0 Act passed in December 2022.
Now, let's delve into the concepts mentioned in the article:
-
Required Minimum Distribution (RMD):
- RMD is the mandatory amount that individuals with traditional IRAs, profit-sharing plans, 401(k)s, 403(b)s, 457(b)s, SEPs, and other retirement plans must withdraw annually once they reach a certain age.
- The age for RMDs was 72 before the SECURE 2.0 Act, but it has been adjusted to 73 for those born between 1951 and 1959 and 75 for those born in 1960 or later.
-
Tax-Efficient Ways to Take RMD:
- It's usually recommended to take RMDs in cash, as there is no tax advantage to taking in-kind distributions in stocks or other assets.
- Cash allows you to precisely withdraw the required amount needed, which may not be possible with in-kind distributions.
-
Qualified Charitable Distribution (QCD):
- For individuals who don't need their RMD for living expenses and want to lower taxes, a QCD is an option.
- QCDs involve directly transferring up to $100,000 from an IRA to a qualified charity, satisfying the RMD requirement.
-
Timing of RMDs:
- There's a provision allowing individuals starting RMDs for the first time at age 73 or 75 to defer the first RMD until April 1 of the following year.
- However, waiting could result in having to take two RMDs in the same year, potentially leading to higher taxes and affecting Social Security income.
-
Calculation of RMD:
- The RMD amount is calculated by dividing the prior year-end fair market value of the retirement account by a life expectancy factor published by the IRS.
-
Beginning Age for RMDs:
- RMDs begin at age 73 for individuals born between 1951 and 1959 and at age 75 for those born in 1960 or later.
-
Taxation of RMDs:
- Since many retirement plans are funded with pre-tax dollars, RMDs are subject to taxation when withdrawn, as reported annually on Form 1040 as taxable income.
-
Avoiding Taxes on RMDs:
- The advisors concur that, aside from utilizing QCDs, there is limited scope for avoiding taxes on RMDs. The distribution is treated as taxable income, regardless of the frequency (monthly, quarterly, or annually).
In summary, navigating RMDs involves a strategic balance between tax efficiency, charitable giving options, and timing considerations, all of which are crucial elements in a comprehensive retirement plan.
