| 1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY |
| 1.1. | Retired electric vehicle batteries can have a second-life before being recycled |
| 1.2. | Potential value of second-life batteries |
| 1.3. | Retired electric vehicle battery pack forecast 2020-2030 (thousand units/year) |
| 1.4. | Second-life electric vehicle battery availability forecast 2020-2030 (GWh) |
| 1.5. | Timeline of battery second use implementations |
| 1.6. | Main companies involved in battery second use |
| 1.7. | Regulatory landscape for battery second use |
| 1.8. | Battery second use connects the electric vehicle and battery recycling value chains |
| 1.9. | Cost and pricing of second-life batteries |
| 2. | WHAT ARE SECOND-LIFE ELECTRIC VEHICLE BATTERIES? |
| 2.1. | Why batteries fail? |
| 2.2. | When batteries retire from electric vehicles... |
| 2.3. | Redefining the 'end-of-life' of electric vehicle batteries: you live more than once |
| 2.4. | What is the 'second-life' of electric vehicle batteries? |
| 2.5. | Clarification of terminologies |
| 2.6. | Why battery second use matters? |
| 2.7. | Battery second use can bring various forms of benefits |
| 2.8. | Battery second use or recycling? |
| 2.9. | Battery second use or remanufacturing? |
| 2.10. | Battery second use in the news |
| 3. | AVAILABILITY OF SECOND-LIFE ELECTRIC VEHICLE BATTERIES 2020-2030 |
| 3.1. | Overview of the second-life electric vehicle battery forecast 2020-2030 |
| 3.2. | Batteries are coming out of EVs at an exponential rate |
| 3.3. | Retired electric vehicle battery pack forecast 2020-2030 (thousand units/year) - Summary |
| 3.4. | Retired EV battery capacity in the next decade |
| 3.5. | Annual retired electric vehicle battery capacity forecast ¶2020-2030 (GWh/year) - summary |
| 3.6. | Second-life electric vehicle battery annual available capacity forecast 2020-2030 (GWh/year) |
| 3.7. | Cumulative capacity of second-life electric vehicle batteries forecast 2020-2030 (GWh) |
| 3.8. | Second-life electric vehicle battery availability 2020-2030 (GWh) - summary |
| 3.9. | Capacity of available second-life batteries and new Li-ion battery production for stationary storage (GWh) |
| 3.10. | Assumptions for the forecast |
| 3.11. | Battery size (kWh) of different electric vehicle categories - summary |
| 3.12. | Battery age and remaining capacity |
| 3.13. | Battery age distribution and remaining capacity of pure electric passenger cars |
| 3.14. | Calculation of the second-life battery capacity availability |
| 4. | BATTERY SECOND USE APPLICATIONS |
| 4.1. | Potential applications for second-life batteries |
| 4.2. | Target markets for second-life batteries |
| 4.3. | What do we need stationary battery storage for? |
| 4.4. | Residential, commercial & industrial and utility-scale battery storage |
| 4.5. | Let the Duck and Nessie fly |
| 4.6. | Behind-the-meter battery storage |
| 4.7. | Value streams from behind-the-meter battery storage |
| 4.8. | Utility-scale battery storage |
| 4.9. | Value streams from utility-scale battery storage |
| 4.10. | Mobile energy storage |
| 4.11. | Powertrain for low-speed electric vehicles |
| 4.12. | Four-wheel low-speed electric vehicles in China |
| 4.13. | Second-life batteries can be used as powertrain for electric forklifts |
| 5. | CURRENT STATUS OF BATTERY SECOND USE IMPLEMENTATIONS |
| 5.1. | Battery second use in practice |
| 5.2. | Summary of announced battery second use initiatives |
| 5.3. | 4R Energy |
| 5.4. | The Light Reborn |
| 5.5. | Mobile EV charging powered by second-life batteries - ¶FreeWire Technologies |
| 5.6. | The Nissan-FreeWire business model |
| 5.7. | Commercial energy storage powered by second-life batteries - Green Charge Networks |
| 5.8. | xStorage - The Nissan-Eaton partnership |
| 5.9. | Technical specifications of xStorage |
| 5.10. | xStorage - residential, buildings and grid |
| 5.11. | Amsterdam Arena switches on the second-life battery storage system in July 2018 |
| 5.12. | Second-life battery storage for fast-charging stations - Renault & Connected Energy |
| 5.13. | Second-life smart home battery - Renault & Powervault |
| 5.14. | Second-life batteries to store renewable energy for the 'smart island' in Porto |
| 5.15. | ELSA - Energy Local Storage Advanced System using second-life batteries |
| 5.16. | ELSA second-life battery pilots |
| 5.17. | The ELSA battery storage system architecture |
| 5.18. | Daimler closing the loop |
| 5.19. | 13MWh grid-connected second-life batteries |
| 5.20. | Second-life BMW batteries connected to UC San Diego's microgrid |
| 5.21. | 2.8 MWh second-life BMW battery storage system |
| 5.22. | BMW's second-life battery farm in Leipzig |
| 5.23. | 208 old Toyota Camry Hybrid batteries' new life in Yellowstone |
| 5.24. | Toyota's verification project with Chubu Electric Power |
| 5.25. | BYD's activities in second-life batteries |
| 5.26. | MAN and VHH to test second-life electric bus batteries for charging stations |
| 5.27. | China Tower's high demand for second-life batteries |
| 5.28. | Hyundai and Wärtsilä announced the partnership on second-life batteries |
| 5.29. | Second-life batteries supporting EVgo's fast chargers in California |
| 5.30. | VW's mobile charging station using second-life batteries |
| 5.31. | BMS that extends second-life battery lifetime by Relectrify |
| 5.32. | Dukosi's wireless BMS that facilitates battery second-life |
| 5.33. | Aceleron turning used batteries into serviceable, long-term energy storage |
| 5.34. | Spiers New Technologies - second-life battery service provider |
| 5.35. | Stakeholders in the battery second use ecosystem |
| 6. | REGULATORY LANDSCAPE |
| 6.1. | Lack of policy and regulation for second-life batteries |
| 6.2. | Europe |
| 6.3. | European Commission: the Innovation Deal |
| 6.4. | EU to review its regulatory framework for battery second use |
| 6.5. | China is paving the way for battery second use |
| 6.6. | Regulatory framework for battery second use in China |
| 7. | SECOND-LIFE BATTERY VALUE CHAIN |
| 7.1. | The lifecycle view of the battery second use value chain |
| 7.2. | Battery first-life in the EVs |
| 7.3. | Designing EV batteries for second-life |
| 7.4. | Lack of standardization in EV batteries |
| 7.5. | Battery second-life in post-EV applications |
| 7.6. | China is pushing the EV battery traceability management system |
| 7.7. | The battery recycling and traceability management platform |
| 7.8. | Battery traceability system developed by Zhidou |
| 7.9. | Battery end of life - material recycling |
| 7.10. | Battery recycling market worldwide |
| 7.11. | Closed-loop value chain of electric vehicle batteries |
| 8. | TECHNO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF SECOND-LIFE BATTERIES |
| 8.1. | Technical challenges for battery second use |
| 8.2. | Battery pack aging performance |
| 8.3. | Battery cell balancing and control |
| 8.4. | Charging/discharging controlled by Relectrify BMS |
| 8.5. | The impact of different Li-ion battery chemistries on battery second use |
| 8.6. | Warranties for second-life batteries |
| 8.7. | Battery repurposing cost breakdown |
| 8.8. | Cost of second-life batteries today is around $75-100/kWh |
| 8.9. | Second-life battery cost can be as low as $20/kWh |
| 8.10. | Second-life battery pricing today |
| 8.11. | Price competition from new Li-ion batteries? |
| 8.12. | Revenue streams from second-life batteries |
| 8.13. | €3,500/year revenue from battery second use for a car manufacturer |
| 8.14. | Case study with BYD: improving second-life battery cycling performance by refilling the electrolyte |
| 8.15. | Service-based business models |
| 8.16. | Second-life batteries could generate more value than new batteries |
| 9. | COMPANY PROFILES |
