Weighing the Evidence
Created by the National Archives
About this Activity
- Created by:National Archives Education Team
- Historical Era:The Emergence of Modern America (1890-1930)
- Thinking Skill:Historical Issues-Analysis & Decision-Making
- Bloom's Taxonomy:Analyzing
- Grade Level:High School
Please use a tablet or desktop computer to use this activity.
This activity asks students to study documents and images related to the Eighteenth Amendment of 1919 prohibiting the trade in liquor.
Documents include: the Act and its repeal by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1933; letters from citizens for and against Prohibition; and photos and political cartoons. Using these artifacts students will decide whether Prohibition was necessary to protect the individual and family, or it was unwarranted over-reach by the U.S. government.
https://www.docsteach.org/activities/student/prohibition-and-its-consequences
Suggested Teaching Instructions
This activity can be used during a unit on Prohibition or the 1920s for an American History course, or for a unit in a government course focusing on the role of government in citizens’ lives. For grades 9–12. Approximate time needed is 45 minutes.
Begin by providing students with historical context as to how and why the 18th Amendment, or Prohibition, was passed:
By the turn of the 20th century, temperance societies were prevalent in the United States. Concerned citizens had begun warning others about the effects of alcohol nearly 100 years earlier. In 1826 the American Temperance Society was founded to convince people to abstain from drinking. Not long after, the Women’s Christian Temperance Union pledged not only to ban alcohol and drugs, but to improve public morals. The anti-Saloon League was formed in 1893 and eventually became a powerful political force in passing a national ban on alcoholic beverages. Women were strongly behind the temperance movement, for alcohol was seen as the destroyer of families and marriages. Husbands might spend their money on alcohol, leaving wives without money to provide for their children. Factory owners also supported temperance because of the new work habits that were required of industrial workers: early mornings and long nights. Progressive reformers also took to Prohibition since they saw it as a continuation of their efforts to improve society in general. Temperance societies and Progressives alike saw the need for more governmental control and involvement in citizens’ lives.
Prohibition was enacted to protect individuals and families from the “scourge of drunkenness.” However, it had unintended consequences including: a rise in organized crime associated with the illegal production and sale of alcohol, an increase in smuggling, and a decline in tax revenue.
Encourage students to keep the following questions, and their first reactions to them, in mind as they complete the activity and analyze primary sources:
- Was Prohibition necessary to protect individuals and families?
- Was it the Government’s role to step in and protect them?
- Was Prohibition an unwarranted overreach by the U.S. Government?
Open the activity and select one of the documents. Model careful document analysis, ending with the question Was Prohibition necessary to protect citizens or was it an unwarranted overreach by the Government? based on this document. Demonstrate how the scale works and ask students to place the document they just examined on the scale according to the interpretation it best supports.
Explain to the students that they will need to place each photograph and textual document on the scale based on careful document analysis.
After students complete the activity, they should click “When You're Done” and answer the questions listed:
- On which side of the scale did most of your evidence fall?
- Why did you tip the scale the way you did?
- Do you think Prohibition was a success? Why or why not?
Conduct a class discussion based on students’ answers. Then, ask a final question for discussion: What lessons can be learned from Prohibition to help inform today’s movement to legalize marijuana?
This activity was created by National Archives volunteerCynthia Peterman.
Documents in this activity
- A Message to the President and the Congress of the United States of America from the National Service and War-Time Commissions of the American Churches
- The Volstead Act
- An Automobile Decked Out with Signs and Banners Supporting the Repeal of the 18th Amendment
- Detroit police inspecting equipment found in a clandestine underground brewery during the prohibition era
- Dr. L. E. Keeley's Double Chloride of Gold Cure for Drunkenness Label
- Joint Resolution Proposing the Eighteenth Amendment
- Letter from Mrs. Hillyer concerning her husband's drinking activities.
- Letter from Women's Committee for Repeal of the 18th Amendment to the United States Congress Regarding the Repeal of Prohibition
- Prescription for Whiskey for I. F. Johnson
- Proclamation Announcing the Repeal of Prohibition
- Speaking of Superfluous Starlings
To the extent possible under law, National Archives Education Team has waived all copyright and related or neighboring rights to "Prohibition and Its Consequences".
