1. Benowitz NL, Hukkanen J, Jacob P, III. Nicotine chemistry, metabolism, kinetics and biomarkers. Handb Exp Pharmacol (2009) 92:29–60. 10.1007/978-3-540-69248-5_2 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
2. Russell MAH, Jarvis M, Iyer R, Feyerabend C. Relation of nicotine yield of cigarettes to blood nicotine concentrations in smokers. Br Med J (1980) 280:972–6. 10.1136/bmj.280.6219.972 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
3. Hukkanen J, Jacob P, III, Benowitz NL.Metabolism and disposition kinetics of nicotine. Pharmacol Rev (2005) 57:79–115. 10.1124/pr.57.1.3 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
4. Lindstrom J, Anand R, Gerzanich V, Peng X, Wang F, Wells G.Structure and function of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Prog Brain Res (1996) 109:125–37. 10.1016/S0079-6123(08)62094-4 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
5. Schaal C, Chellappan SP. Nicotine-mediated cell proliferation and tumor progression in smoking-related cancers. Mol Cancer Res (2014) 12:14–23. 10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-13-0541 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
6. Sergei A, Grando SA. Connections of nicotine to cancer. Nat Rev Cancer (2014) 14:419–29. 10.1038/nrc3725 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
7. O’Leary K, Parameswaran N, McIntosh JM, Quik M. Cotinine selectively activates a subpopulation of α3/α6β2* nicotinic receptors in monkey striatum. J Pharmacol Exp Ther (2008) 325:646–54. 10.1124/jpet.108.136838 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
8. Church TR, Anderson KE, Caporaso NE, Geisser MS, Le CT, Zhang Y, et al.A prospectively measured serum biomarker for a tobacco-specific carcinogen and lung cancer in smokers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev (2009) 18:260–6. 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-08-0718 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
9. International Agency for Research on Cancer. A Review of Human Carcinogens. Part E: Personal Habits and Indoor Combustions. IARC Monograph. (Vol. 100E). Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer; (2012). 602 p. [Google Scholar]
10. International Agency for Research on Cancer. Smokeless Tobacco and Some Tobacco-Specific N-Nitrosamines. IARC Monograph. (Vol. 89). Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer; (2007). 641 p. [Google Scholar]
11. Hecht SS, Hoffmann D. Tobacco-specific nitrosamines, an important group of carcinogens in tobacco and tobacco smoke. Carcinogenesis (1988) 9:875–84. 10.1093/carcin/9.6.875 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
12. Bartsch H, Spiegelhalder B.Environmental exposure to N-nitroso compounds (NNOC) and precursors: an overview. Eur J Cancer Prev (1996) 5:11–8. 10.1097/00008469-199609001-00003 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
13. Carmella SG, Borukhova A, Desai D, Hecht SS. Evidence for endogenous formation of tobacco-specific nitrosamines in rats treated with tobacco alkaloids and sodium nitrite. Carcinogenesis (1997) 18:587–92. 10.1093/carcin/18.3.587 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
14. Porubin D, Hecht SS, Li ZZ, Gonta M, Stepanov I. Endogenous formation of N‘-nitrosonornicotine in F344 Rats in the presence of some antioxidants and grape seed extract. J Agric Food Chem (2007) 55:7199–204. 10.1021/jf0712191 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
15. Hecht SS, Carmella SG, Chen M, Dor Koch JF, Miller AT, Murphy SE, et al.Quantification of urinary metabolites of a tobacco-specific lung carcinogen after smoking cessation. Cancer Res (1999) 59:590–6. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
16. Stepanov I, Jensen J, Hatsukami D, Hecht SS. Tobacco-specific nitrosamines in new tobacco products. Nicotine Tob Res (2006) 8:309–13. 10.1080/14622200500490151 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
17. Hatsukami DK, Lemmonds C, Zhang Y, Murphy SE, Le C, Carmella SG, et al.Evaluation of carcinogen exposure in people who used “reduced exposure” tobacco products. J Natl Cancer Inst (2004) 96:844–52. 10.1093/jnci/djh163 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
18. Carmella SG, Han S, Fristad A, Yang Y, Hecht SS. Analysis of total 4(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) in human urine. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev (2003) 12:1257–61. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
19. Knezevich A, Muzic J, Hatsukami DK, Hecht SS, Stepanov I. Nornicotine nitrosation in saliva and its relation to endogenous synthesis of N’-nitrosonornicotine in humans. Nicotine Tob Res (2013) 15:591–5. 10.1093/ntr/nts172 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
20. Hecht SS, Carmella SG, Kotandeniya D, Pillsbury ME, Chen M, Ransom BWS, et al.Evaluation of toxicant and carcinogen metabolites in the urine of e-cigarette users versus cigarette smokers. Nicotine Tob Res (2015) 17:704–9. 10.1093/ntr/ntu218 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
21. Hecht SS, Carmella SG, Murphy SE, Riley WT, Le C, Luo X, et al.Similar exposure to a tobacco-specific carcinogen in smokeless tobacco users and cigarette smokers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev (2007) 16:1567–72. 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-07-0227 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
22. Riebe M, Westphal K, Fortnagel P.Mutagenicity testing, in bacterial test systems, of some constituents of tobacco. Mutat Res (1982) 101:39–43. 10.1016/0165-1218(82)90163-X [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
23. Riebe M, Westphal K. Studies on the induction of sister-chromatid exchanges in Chinese hamster ovary cells by various tobacco alkaloids. Mutat Res (1983) 124:281–6. 10.1016/0165-1218(83)90199-4 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
24. Trivedi AH, Dave BJ, Adhvaryu SG. Assessment of genotoxicity of nicotine employing in vitro mammalian test system. Cancer Lett (1990) 54:89–94. 10.1016/0304-3835(90)90096-G [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
25. Ginzkey C, Friehs G, Koehler C, Hackenberg S, Hagen R, Kleinsasser NH. Assessment of nicotine-induced DNA damage in a genotoxicological test battery. Mutat Res (2013) 751:34–9. 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2012.11.004 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
26. Sassen AW, Richter E, Semmler MP, Harreus UA, Gamarra F, Kleinsasser NH. Genotoxicity of nicotine in mini-organ cultures of human upper aerodigestive tract epithelia. Toxicol Sci (2005) 88:134–41. 10.1093/toxsci/kfi297 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
27. Ginzkey C, Stueber T, Friehs G, Koehler C, Hackenberg S, Richter E, et al.Analysis of nicotine-induced DNA damage in cells of the human respiratory tract. Toxicol Lett (2012) 208:23–9. 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.09.029 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
28. Kleinsasser NH, Sassen AW, Semmler MP, Harréus UA, Licht AK, Richter E. The tobacco alkaloid nicotine demonstrates genotoxicity in human tonsillar tissue and lymphocytes. Toxicol Sci (2005) 86:309–17. 10.1093/toxsci/kfi186 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
29. Ginzkey C, Kampfinger K, Friehs G, Kohler C, Hagen R, Richter E, et al.Nicotine induces DNA damage in human salivary glands. Toxicol Lett (2009) 184:1–4. 10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.09.009 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
30. Arabi M. Nicotinic infertility: assessing DNA and plasma membrane integrity of human spermatozoa. Andrologia (2004) 36:305–10. 10.1111/j.1439-0272.2004.00623.x [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
31. Argentin G, Cicchetti R. Genotoxic and antiapoptotic effect of nicotine on human gingival fibroblasts. Toxicol Sci (2004) 79:75–81. 10.1093/toxsci/kfh061 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
32. Cheng Y, Li HL, Wang HF, Sun HF, Liu YF, Peng SX, et al.Inhibition of nicotine-DNA adduct formation in mice by six dietary constituents. Food Chem Toxicol (2003) 41:1045–50. 10.1016/S0278-6915(03)00032-2 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
33. Hecht SS. Lung carcinogenesis by tobacco smoke. Int J Cancer (2012) 131:2724–32. 10.1002/ijc.27816 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
34. Villablanca AC. Nicotine stimulates DNA synthesis and proliferation in vascular endothelial cells in vitro. J Appl Physiol (1998) 84:2089–98. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
35. Cattaneo MG, Codignola A, Vicentini LM, Clementi F, Sher E. Nicotine stimulates a serotonergic autocrine loop in human small-cell lung carcinoma. Cancer Res (1993) 53:5566–8. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
36. Chu M, Guo J, Chen CY. Long-term exposure to nicotine, via Ras pathway, induces Cyclin D1 to stimulate G1 cell cycle transition. J Biol Chem (2005) 280:6369–79. 10.1074/jbc.M408947200 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
37. Schuller HM. Nitrosamines as nicotinic receptor ligands. Life Sci (2007) 80:2274–80. 10.1016/j.lfs.2007.03.006 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
38. Singh S, Pillai S, Chellappan S. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor signaling in tumor growth and metastasis. J Oncol (2011) 2011:456743. 10.1155/2011/456743 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
39. Wong HPS, Yu L, Lam EKY, Tai EKK, Wu WKK, Cho CH. Nicotine promotes colon tumor growth and angiogenesis through β-adrenergic activation. Toxicol Sci (2007) 97:279–87. 10.1093/toxsci/kfm060 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
40. Schuller HM. Is cancer triggered by altered signalling of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors?Nat Rev Cancer (2009) 9:195–205. 10.1038/nrc2590 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
41. Lee CH, Wu CH, Ho YS. From smoking to cancers: novel targets to neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. J Oncol (2011):693424. 10.1155/2011/693424 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
42. Dasgupta P, Rizwani W, Pillai S, Kinkade R, Kovacs M, Rastogi S, et al.Nicotine induces cell proliferation, invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in a variety of human cancer cell lines. Int J Cancer (2009) 124:36–45. 10.1002/ijc.23894 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
43. Bartek J, Lukas J. Chk1 and Chk2 kinases in checkpoint control and cancer. Cancer Cell (2003) 3:421–9. 10.1016/S1535-6108(03)00110-7 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
44. Cardinale A, Nastrucci C, Cesario A, Russo P. Nicotine: specific role in angiogenesis, proliferation and apoptosis. Crit Rev Toxicol (2012) 42:68–89. 10.3109/10408444.2011.623150 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
45. Lee J, Cooke JP. Nicotine and pathological angiogenesis. Life Sci (2012) 91:1058–64. 10.1016/j.lfs.2012.06.032 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
46. Heeschen C, Jang JJ, Weis M, Pathak A, Kaji S, Hu RS, et al.Nicotine stimulates angiogenesis and promotes tumor growth and atherosclerosis. Nat Med (2001) 7:833–9. 10.1038/89961 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
47. Heeschen C, Weis M, Aicher A, Dimmeler S, Cooke JP. A novel angiogenic pathway mediated by non-neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. J Clin Invest (2002) 110:527–36. 10.1172/JCI0214676 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
48. Mousa S, Mousa SA. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of nicotine’s pro-angiogenesis activity and its potential impact on cancer. J Cell Biochem (2006) 97:1370–8. 10.1002/jcb.20741 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
49. Davis R, Rizwani W, Banerjee S, Kovacs M, Haura E, Coppola D, et al.Nicotine promotes tumor growth and metastasis in mouse models of lung cancer. PLoS One (2009) 4(10):e7524. 10.1371/journal.pone.0007524 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
50. Shen T, Le W, Yee A, Kamdar O, Hwang PH, Upadhyay D. Nicotine induces resistance to chemotherapy in nasal epithelial cancer. Am J Rhinol Allergy (2010) 24:e73–7. 10.2500/ajra.2010.24.3456 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
51. Dinicola S, Morini V, Coluccia P, Proietti S, D’Anselmi F, Pasqualato A, et al.Nicotine increases survival in human colon cancer cells treated with chemotherapeutic drugs. Toxicol In Vitro (2013) 27:2256–63. 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.09.020 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
52. Banerjee J, Al-Wadei HA, Schuller HM. Chronic nicotine inhibits the therapeutic effects of gemcitabine on pancreatic cancer in vitro and in mouse xenografts. Eur J Cancer (2013) 49:1152–8. 10.1016/j.ejca.2012.10.015 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
53. Warren GW, Romano MA, Kudrimoti MR, Randall ME, McGarry RC, Singh AK, et al.Nicotinic modulation of therapeutic response in vitro and in vivo. Int J Cancer (2012) 131:2519–27. 10.1002/ijc.27556 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
54. Heusch WL, Maneckjee R. Signalling pathways involved in nicotine regulation of apoptosis of human lung cancer cells. Carcinogenesis (1998) 19:551–6. 10.1093/carcin/19.4.551 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
55. Nakada T, Kiyotani K, Iwano S, Uno T, Yokohira M, Yamakawa K, et al.Lung tumorigenesis promoted by anti-apoptotic effects of cotinine, a nicotine metabolite through activation of PI3K/Akt pathway. J Toxicol Sci (2012) 37:555–63. 10.2131/jts.37.555 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
56. Waldum HL, Nilsen OG, Nilsen T, Rervik H, Syversen U, Sandvik AK, et al.Long-term effects of inhaled nicotine. Life Sci (1996) 58:1339–46. 10.1016/0024-3205(96)00100-2 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
57. Galitovskiy V, Chernyavsky AI, Edwards RA, Grando SA. Muscle sarcomas and alopecia in A/J mice chronically treated with nicotine. Life Sci (2012) 91:1109–12. 10.1016/j.lfs.2012.03.041 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
58. Sher RB, Cox GA, Mills KD, Sundberg JP. Rhabdomyosarcomas in ageing A/J mice. PLoS One (2011) 6:e23498. 10.1371/journal.pone.0023498 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
59. Schuller HM, McGavin MD, Orloff M, Riechert A, Porter B. Simultaneous exposure to nicotine and hyperoxia causes tumors in hamsters. Lab Invest (1995) 73:448–56. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
60. Dodmane PR, Arnold LL, Pennington KL, Cohen SM. Orally administered nicotine induces urothelial hyperplasia in rats and mice. Toxicology (2014) 315:49–54. 10.1016/j.tox.2013.11.002 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
61. Chen YP, Squier CA. Effect of nicotine on 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene carcinogenesis in hamster cheek pouch. J Natl Cancer Inst (1990) 82:861–4. 10.1093/jnci/82.10.861 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
62. Gurkalo VK, Volfson NI. Nicotine influence upon the development of experimental stomach tumors. Arch Geschwulstforsch (1982) 52:259–65. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
63. Habs M, Schmähl D. Influence of nicotine on N-nitrosomethylurea-induced mammary tumors in rats. Klin Wochenschr (1984) 62(Suppl 2):105–8. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
64. Zeller WJ, Berger MR. Nicotine and estrogen metabolism – possible implications of smoking for growth and outcome of treatment of hormone-dependent cancer? Discussion of experimental results. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol (1989) 115:601–3. 10.1007/BF00391366 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
65. LaVoie EJ, Shigematsu A, Rivenson A, Mu B, Hoffmann D. Evaluation of the effects of cotinine and nicotine-N′-oxides on the development of tumors in rats initiated with N-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]formamide. J Natl Cancer Inst (1985) 75:1075–81. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
66. Iskandar AR, Liu C, Smith DE, Hu KQ, Choi SW, Ausman LM, et al.β-Cryptoxanthin restores nicotine-reduced lung SIRT1 to normal levels and inhibits nicotine-promoted lung tumorigenesis and emphysema in A/J mice. Cancer Prev Res (2013) 6:309–20. 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-12-0368 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
67. Maier CR, Hollander MC, Hobbs EA, Dogan I, Linnoila RI, Dennis PA. Nicotine does not enhance tumorigenesis in mutant K-Ras-driven mouse models of lung cancer. Cancer Prev Res (2011) 4:1743–51. 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-11-0365 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
68. Murphy SE, von Weymarn LB, Schutten MM, Kassie F, Modiano JF. Chronic nicotine consumption does not influence 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone-induced lung tumorigenesis. Cancer Prev Res (2011) 4:1752–60. 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-11-0366 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
69. Zhou X, Zhuo X, Xie F, Kluetzman K, Shu YZ, Humphreys WG, et al.Role of CYP2A5 in the clearance of nicotine and cotinine: insights from studies on a Cyp2a5-null mouse model. J Pharmacol Exp Ther (2010) 332:578–87. 10.1124/jpet.109.162610 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
70. SCENIHR. Scientific Opinion on the Health Effects of Smokeless Tobacco Products. (2008). Available from: http://ec.europa.eu/health/ph_risk/committees/04_scenihr/docs/scenihr_o_013.pdf
71. Matta SG, Balfour DJ, Benowitz NL, Boyd RT, Buccafusco JJ, Caggiula AR, et al.Guidelines on nicotine dose selection for in vivo research. Psychopharmacology (2007) 190:269–319. 10.1007/s00213-006-0441-0 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
72. Razani-Boroujerdi S, Sopori ML. Early manifestations of NNK-induced lung cancer role of lung immunity in tumor susceptibility. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol (2007) 36:13–9. 10.1165/rcmb.2005-0330OC [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
73. Jarzynka MJ, Guo P, Bar-Joseph I, Hu B, Cheng SY. Estradiol and nicotine exposure enhances A549 bronchioloalveolar carcinoma xenograft growth in mice through the stimulation of angiogenesis. Int J Oncol (2006) 28:337–44. 10.3892/ijo.28.2.337 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
74. Al-Wadei HAN, Plummer HK, III, Schuller HM. Nicotine stimulates pancreatic cancer xenografts by systemic increase in stress neurotransmitters and suppression of the inhibitory neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid. Carcinogenesis (2009) 30:506–11. 10.1093/carcin/bgp010 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
75. Shaw FE, Jr, Guess HA, Roets JM, Mohr FE, Coleman PJ, Mandel EJ, et al.(1989) Effect of anatomic injection site, age and smoking on the immune response to hepatitis B vaccination. Vaccine (1989) 7:425–30. 10.1016/0264-410X(89)90157-6 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
76. Roseman C, Truedsson L, Kapetanovic MC. The effect of smoking and alcohol consumption on markers of systemic inflammation, immunoglobulin levels and immune response following pneumococcal vaccination in patients with arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther (2012) 14:R170. 10.1186/ar3923 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
77. van Dijk AP, Meijssen MA, Brouwer AJ, Hop WC, van Bergeijk JD, Feyerabend C, et al.Transdermal nicotine inhibits interleukin 2 synthesis by mononuclear cells derived from healthy volunteers. Eur J Clin Invest (1998) 28:664–71. 10.1046/j.1365-2362.1998.00344.x [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
78. Nouri-Shirazi M, Guinet E. Exposure to nicotine adversely affects the response to vaccination dendritic cell system and compromises host. J Immunol (2012) 188:2359–70. 10.4049/jimmunol.1102552 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
79. Töpfer K, Kempe S, Müller N, Schmitz M, Bachmann M, Cartellieri M, et al.Tumor evasion from T cell surveillance. J Biomed Biotechnol (2011) 2011:918471. 10.1155/2011/918471 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
80. Berger MR, Zeller WJ. Interaction of nicotine with anticancer treatment. Klin Wochenschr (1988) 66(Suppl XI):127–33. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
81. Bolinder G, Alfredsson L, Englund A, de Faire U. Smokeless tobacco use and increased cardiovascular mortality among Swedish construction workers. Am J Public Health (1994) 84:399–404. 10.2105/AJPH.84.3.399 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
82. Johnston-Early A, Cohen MH, Minna JD, Paxton LM, Fossieck BE, Jr, Ihde DC, et al.Smoking abstinence and small cell lung cancer survival. An association. JAMA (1980) 244:2175–9. 10.1001/jama.1980.03310190027016 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
83. Hinds MW, Yang HY, Stemmermann G, Lee J, Kolonel LN. Smoking history and lung cancer survival in women. J Natl Cancer Inst (1982) 68:395–9. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
84. Stevens MH, Gardner JW, Parkin JL, Johnson LP. Head and neck cancer survival and life-style change. Arch Otolaryngol (1983) 109:746–9. 10.1001/archotol.1983.00800250040009 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
85. Accortt NA, Waterbor JW, Beall C, Howard G. Chronic disease mortality in a cohort of smokeless tobacco users. Am J Epidemiol (2002) 156:730–7. 10.1093/aje/kwf106 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
86. Fox JL, Rosenzweig KE, Ostroff JS. The effect of smoking status on survival following radiation therapy for non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer (2004) 44:287–93. 10.1016/j.lungcan.2003.11.012 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
87. Kenfield SA, Stampfer MJ, Chan JM, Giovannucci E. Smoking and prostate cancer survival and recurrence. JAMA (2011) 305:2548–55. 10.1001/jama.2011.879 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
88. Braithwaite D, Izano M, Moore DH, Kwan ML, Tammemagi MC, Hiatt RA, et al.Smoking and survival after breast cancer diagnosis: a prospective observational study and systematic review. Breast Cancer Res Treat (2012) 136:521–33. 10.1007/s10549-012-2276-1 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
89. Islami F, Moreira DM, Boffetta P, Freedland SJ. A systematic review and meta-analysis of tobacco use and prostate cancer mortality and incidence in prospective cohort studies. Eur Urol (2014) 66:1054–64. 10.1016/j.eururo.2014.08.059 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
90. Nordenvall C, Nilsson PJ, Ye W, Andersson TML, Nyrén O. Tobacco use and cancer survival: a cohort study of 40,230 Swedish male construction workers with incident cancer. Int J Cancer (2013) 132:155–61. 10.1002/ijc.27587 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
91. Warren GW, Kasza KA, Reid ME, Cummings KM, Marshall JR. Smoking at diagnosis and survival in cancer patients. Int J Cancer (2013) 132:401–10. 10.1002/ijc.27617 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
92. Sharp L, McDevitt J, Carsin AE, Brown C, Comber H. Smoking at diagnosis is an independent prognostic factor for cancer-specific survival in head and neck cancer: findings from a large, population-based, study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev (2014) 23:2579–90. 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-14-0311 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
93. Wilson KM, Fang F, Nordenvall C, Ye W, Adami HO, Nyrén O, et al.Snus use, smoking and prostate cancer survival. Prostate Cancer Foundation, Abstract no. 146, 21st Annua PCF Scientific Retreat October 23–25. (2014). Available from: http://www.pcf.org/atf/cf/%7B7c77d6a2-5859-4d60-af47-132fd0f85892%7D/2014-abstracts-wilson-kathryn.pdf
94. Zu K, Giovannucci E. Smoking and aggressive prostate cancer: a review of the epidemiologic evidence. Cancer Causes Control (2009) 20:1799–810. 10.1007/s10552-009-9387-y [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
95. Sørensen LT, Hørby J, Friis E, Pilsgaard B, Jørgensen T. Smoking as a risk factor for wound healing and infection in breast cancer surgery. Eur J Surg Oncol (2002) 28:815–20. 10.1053/ejso.2002.1308 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
96. Joshu CE, Mondul AM, Meinhold CL, Humphreys EB, Han M, Walsh PC, et al.Cigarette smoking and prostate cancer recurrence after prostatectomy. J Natl Cancer Inst (2011) 103:835–8. 10.1093/jnci/djr124 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
97. Steinberger E, Kollmeier M, McBride S, Novak C, Pei X, Zelefsky MJ. Cigarette smoking during external beam radiation therapy for prostate cancer is associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer-specific mortality and treatment-related toxicity. BJU Int (2015). 10.1111/bju.12969 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
98. Bristow BJ.Smoking cessation basics: an essential component of radiation therapy clinical practice. J Med Imag Radiat Sci (2013) 44:106–16. 10.1016/j.jmir.2013.03.005 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
