Model train scales come in a handful of commercial sizes.
Among the most popular model train scales in North America are HO, N, O and G. However, these letters stand in for very specific ratios that tell modelers what fraction they are using to scale, or model, reality.
What is a model train scale?
Scales are ratios or percentages used to measure models so that they are proportionate to their real-life counterparts.
In North America, for instance, O scale is often noted as 1:48 scale. If you use a standard Imperial ruler to measure an 1-inch O-scale object, that object would be 48-inches long if it appeared as a full, life-sized object. Put another way, true O-scale objects are 48-times smaller than the life-sized objects they model.
Modelers sometimes purchase and use scale rulers that have hash marks indicating how many feet or inches long an object is in the chosen scale.
However, certain modelers use non-standard, or non-commercial, scales to build their own equipment based on their preferences or to better use commercially available materials.
Although we’ll only write more about commercial scales, modelers can choose any ratio to proportionally model a railroad.
Commercial model train scales
Products in commercially available scales have standards set for them by the National Model Railroad Association, which has also published a scale table online.
HO is by far the most popular model train scale in the U.S. and Canada. The HO scale ratio is 1:87.1. HO scale modelers tend to have the widest variety of models available for rolling stock, locomotives, and buildings. Many modelers start with equipment in this model train scale and a flat sheet of plywood for a simple and satisfying display, or layout.
After HO, N scale is the most popular in North America. N scale is roughly half the size of HO scale at 1:160 ratio. Modelers tend to use N scale to build more complicated layouts in smaller spaces than HO scale layouts. Or they can use large spaces, such as garages or basem*nts, to create scenic N scale empires using the size to create a life-like, but small scene.
O scale, at a 1:48 ratio, is another popular scale. It was one of the original model train scales and used by historic manufacturers, such as Lionel, to produce large volumes of toy trains from the late 1800s to the present. Many toy trains are O-gauge —indicating they can use O-scale tracks – but are typically not true scale models. Modelers with large spaces may use O scale to create detailed and majestic scenes. Often they use a narrow-gauge version (On30) to model industries such as logging railroads.
G scale can refer to any ratio of model railroad that is larger than O scale. Ratios include 1:32; 1:29; 1:24; 1:22.5; 1:19; and 1:12. Amusem*nt parks, zoos, and special enthusiast clubs also host ride-on trains that may be larger than these ratios. However, operators tend to measure those trains by the distance between the rails, such as 7.5-inches, 15-inches, two-feet, and so on. Germany’s LGB manufacturers 1:22.5 trains, while 1:19 is a common scale in the United Kingdom.
Other commercial model train scales
S scale refers to those trains and displays that are smaller than O scale at a 1:64 ratio. S scale trains are uncommon. Lionel’s American Flyer brand is among the few remaining S scale train sources.
Z scale is often the smallest commercially available model train scale. Products in that scale are 1:220, or 220-times smaller than life-sized objects. Z scale layouts are rare and can often be seen in shows or conventions displayed in suitcases or other every-day objects to highlight how truly small the scale is.
“Close enough” to scale
Although modelers make efforts to have each building, locomotive, and figure modeled in the scale they intend, it is often not possible. And in that vein, model railroaders may have to borrow from other hobbies such as military model makers that produce goods in 1:16; 1:30; 1:35; 1:72; and 1:144 scales. Higher-end toy manufacturers sometimes produce models to a scale of their choosing. And doll-house manufacturers often offer pieces in 1:12.
To achieve the right look for a scene, modelers may use models or equipment from foreign makers that produce goods in different ratios. The United Kingdom, for instance, sets HO-scale equivalent OO scale at 1:76.2 and N scale at 1:148.
The most important item for model railroaders to consider is how well any model appears with the other equipment they’ve already bought. Items that appear visually “correct” are sufficient. Models that look out of place, even if made in the proper scale, can be safely removed from the layout.
As a seasoned model train enthusiast with a deep understanding of various scales and their applications, I can assure you that the world of model railroading is a fascinating and meticulous hobby that demands precision and attention to detail. My expertise extends to both the theoretical aspects of model train scales and their practical applications in the construction of layouts.
Understanding Model Train Scales:
Model train scales play a crucial role in replicating real-life scenes in miniature form. These scales are essentially ratios or percentages that indicate the proportion of the model to its full-sized counterpart. In North America, the popular scales include HO, N, O, and G.
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O Scale (1:48): O scale is a historical choice, dating back to the late 1800s. At a ratio of 1:48, objects in O scale are 48 times smaller than their real-world equivalents. Lionel, a renowned manufacturer, has contributed significantly to O scale model trains.
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HO Scale (1:87.1): HO scale is the most prevalent in the U.S. and Canada. With a ratio of 1:87.1, HO scale models are smaller than O scale but offer a wide variety of rolling stock, locomotives, and buildings. It is often the starting point for many modelers due to its versatility.
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N Scale (1:160): N scale is about half the size of HO scale, with a ratio of 1:160. Modelers opt for N scale to build intricate layouts in smaller spaces or create expansive scenes in larger areas like garages or basem*nts.
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G Scale: G scale encompasses various ratios larger than O scale, including 1:32, 1:29, 1:24, 1:22.5, 1:19, and 1:12. Germany’s LGB, for instance, manufactures 1:22.5 trains. G scale is often used for outdoor garden railroads due to its larger size.
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S Scale (1:64): Smaller than O scale, S scale at 1:64 is less common but still relevant. Lionel’s American Flyer brand is a notable source for S scale trains.
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Z Scale (1:220): Z scale is the smallest commercially available scale at 1:220, making it 220 times smaller than life-sized objects. Despite its rarity, Z scale layouts are occasionally showcased in conventions or displayed in unconventional containers.
Additional Considerations:
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Non-Standard Scales: Some modelers prefer non-standard scales based on personal preferences or to optimize the use of materials. These scales are not commercially standardized.
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Scale Compatibility: Modelers may need to consider compatibility when mixing models from different manufacturers or countries. The United Kingdom, for example, has its own standards, setting HO-scale equivalent OO scale at 1:76.2 and N scale at 1:148.
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Visual Accuracy: Achieving visual correctness is crucial. Even if a model is in the right scale, it may look out of place if it doesn't visually align with other elements on the layout.
In conclusion, the world of model train scales is rich and diverse, offering enthusiasts the opportunity to recreate intricate landscapes and scenes in miniature. Whether one is starting with HO scale on a plywood layout or opting for the grandeur of G scale in a garden setting, the key is to ensure visual harmony among the elements chosen.
