Human Rights are Property Rights | Murray N. Rothbard (2024)

Much is heard these days of the distinction between human rights and property rights, and many who claim to champion the one turn with scorn upon any defender of the other. They fail to see that property rights, far from being in conflict, are in fact the most basic of all human rights.

The human right of every man to his own life implies the right to find and transform resources: to produce that which sustains and advances life. That product is a man’s property. That is why prop­erty rights are foremost among human rights and why any loss of one endangers the others.

For ex­ample, how can the human right of freedom of the press be pre­served if the government owns all the newsprint and has the power to decide who may use it and how much? The human right of a free press depends on the human right of private property in newsprint and in the other es­sentials for newspaper production. In short, there is no conflict of rights here because property rights are themselves human rights. What is more, human rights are also property rights!

Many people conclude that rights must be relative rather than ab­solute and have to be curbed sometimes for the common good.

There are several aspects of this important truth. In the first place, each individual, according to our understanding of the natural order of things, is the owner of himself, the ruler of his own person. Pres­ervation of this self-ownership is essential for the proper develop­ment and well-being of man. The human rights of the person are, in effect, a recognition of each man’s inalienable property right over his own being; and from this property right stems his right to the material goods that he has produced. A man’s right to per­sonal freedom, then, is his prop­erty right in himself.

But there is another sense in which human rights are really property rights, a sense which is much obscured in our time. Take, for example, the human right of freedom of assembly. Suppose that a certain group wants to demonstrate for a particular idea or bill in a street meeting. This is an expression of the right of as­sembly.

On the other hand, sup­pose that the police break up the meeting on the ground that traffic is being disrupted. Now, it is not sufficient simply to say that the right of assembly has been abridged by the police for politi­cal reasons. Possibly, this was the case. But there is a real problem here, for maybe traffic was dis­rupted. In that case, how is one to decide between the human right of free assembly and the "public policy" or "public good" of clear and unobstructed traffic?

In the face of this apparent conflict, many people conclude that rights must be relative rather than ab­solute and have to be curbed sometimes for the common good.

A Question of Ownership

But the real problem here is that the government owns the streets, which means that they are in a virtual state of no-ownership. This causes not only traffic jams, but also confusion and conflict over who should use the streets at any given time. The taxpayers? In the last analysis, we are all taxpayers. Should the taxpayers who want to demonstrate be al­lowed to use the street for that purpose at the time they choose, or should it be reserved for use by other groups of taxpayers as mo­torists or pedestrians? Who is to decide? Only government can de­cide; and whatever it does, its de­cision is bound to be a wholly ar­bitrary one that can only aggra­vate, and never resolve, the con­flict between the opposed forces.

In situa­tions where all the factors in­volved are owned privately, it is clear that there is no problem or conflict of human rights.

Consider, however, a situation where the streets are owned by private individuals. In this case, we see clearly that the whole ques­tion is one of property rights. If Jones owns a street and the Citi­zens United want to use it for a demonstration, they may offer to hire the street for that purpose. Then it is up to Jones to decide whether he will rent it out and at what price he will agree to the deal. We see that this is not really a question of the human right of the Citizens United to freedom of assembly; what is involved is their property right to use their money to offer to hire the street for the demonstration.

But, in a free society, they cannot force Jones to agree; the ultimate de­cision is Jones’, in accordance with his property right to dispose of the street as he sees fit. Thus, we see how government ownership obscures the real issue — how it creates vague and spur­ious "human rights" that seem­ingly conflict with each other and with the "public good."

In situa­tions where all the factors in­volved are owned privately, it is clear that there is no problem or conflict of human rights; on the contrary, only property rights are involved, and there is no vague­ness or conflict in deciding who owns what or what is permissible in any particular case.

Property Rights Are Clear

In short, there are no human rights that are separable from property rights. The human right of free speech is only the prop­erty right to hire an assembly hall from the owners, to speak to those who are willing to listen, to buy materials and then print leaf­lets or books and sell them to those who are willing to buy. There is no extra right of free speech beyond the property rights that we can enumerate in any given case. In all seeming cases of human rights, then, the proper course is to find and identify the property rights involved. And this procedure will resolve any appar­ent conflicts of rights; for prop­erty rights are always precise and legally recognizable.

Consider the classic case where "freedom of speech" is supposed to be curbed in "the public in­terest": Justice Holmes’ famous dictum that there is no right to cry "fire" in a crowded theater. Holmes and his followers have used this illustration over and over to proclaim the supposed necessity for rights to be relative and tentative rather than abso­lute and eternal.

The rights of the individual are still eternal and absolute; but they are property rights.

But let us further analyze this problem. The fellow who brings on a riot by falsely shouting "fire" in a crowded theater is, neces­sarily, either the owner of the theater or a paying patron. If he is the owner, then he has com­mitted fraud on his customers. He has taken their money in ex­change for a promise to put on a movie; and now, instead, he dis­rupts the movie by falsely shout­ing "fire" and breaking up the performance. He has thus welshed on this contractual obligation, in violation of the property rights of his patrons.

Suppose, on the other hand, that the shouter is a patron and not the owner. In that case, he is vio­lating the owner’s property right. As a guest, he has access to the property on certain terms, includ­ing an obligation not to violate the owner’s property or disrupt the performance that the owner is putting on for his guests. His malicious act, therefore, violates the property rights of the theater owner and of all other patrons. If we consider the problem in terms of property rights instead of the vague and woolly human right of free speech, we see that there is no conflict and no neces­sity of limiting or abridging rights in any way.

The rights of the individual are still eternal and absolute; but they are property rights. The fellow who maliciously cries "fire" in a crowded theater is a criminal, not because his so-called right of free speech must be pragmatically restricted on behalf of the "public good;" he is a criminal because he has clearly and obviously violated the prop­erty right of another person.