How Does Inflation Impact the Stock Market? (2024)

The financial landscape of the modern world is highly complex. With more information available to investors due to the penetration of the internet in most rural areas, investor sentiment is now driven by analysis and data as opposed to an emotion-driven response. A classic example of this is inflation.

Traditionally, most people regarded inflation as a sign of an unhealthy economy.

However, today, investors are better-informed and understand economic cycles making prudent investing decisions at every stage of the economy of the country. Today, we are going to talk about inflation in general and assess its impact on stock markets in India.

Understanding Inflation

In the simplest terms, inflation is the gradual rise in the prices of goods and services. When the inflation rate increases, the cost of living increases too, which leads to lower purchasing power.

For example,

If Apples sold at Rs.100 per kilo in 2010, then in an inflating economy, they would cost more in 2020. Let’s say that Apples sold at Rs.200 per kilo in 2020. Therefore, in 2010, you could buy 10kg of apples for Rs.1000, but in 2020, your purchasing power will drop, and you would be able to buy only 5kg of apples for the same amount.

To take our understanding of inflation a little further, let’s look at what causes inflation. There are two primary reasons behind an increase in the inflation rate in an economy:

1) Demand > Supply

There are times when the average income of people in an economy increases, and they want to buy more products and services. During such times, the demand can increase above the supply of the said products/services.

Hence, there is a scarcity of goods and services that causes buyers to pay more for them. This eventually results in a general increase in prices.

2) Increase in the Cost of Production

The inflation rate also increases if the cost of production of goods increases due to an increase in the costs of raw materials, manpower, taxes, etc.

While this leads to an increase in the cost of production, it also causes a drop in the supply of the said goods. With the demand remaining the same, the price levels tend to increase.

Inflation and the Indian Stock Markets

The price of a share in the stock markets is determined by its demand and supply, which is affected by a range of factors like social, political, economic, cultural, etc.

Anything that affects the investor can have an impact on the demand and supply of stocks, and inflation is no different. Here is a quick look at the impact of inflation on stock markets:

1. The Purchasing Power of Investors

Since inflation, by definition, is an increase in the price of goods and services, it also is an indicator of the decreasing value of money. So, if the inflation rate is 5%, then Rs.10,000 today will be worth Rs.9,500 after one year.

If the inflation rate increases to 10%, then the same amount would be worth less in the future. Hence, the purchasing power of investors decreases as the inflation rate increases.

This can have a direct impact on the stock marketsince investors would be able to purchase fewer stocks for the same amount.

2. Interest Rates

When inflation rates increase, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) increases the interest rates for deposits and loans. The idea is to incentivize people to save money and curb excessive liquidity bringing the inflation rate down.

Since loans get costlier, too, the cost of capital for companies increases. Hence, the projected cash flows are valued lower, resulting in lower equity valuations.

3. Impact on Stocks

As the inflation rate rises, speculation about the future prices of goods and services leads to a market environment that is highly volatile. Since prices are rising, many investors will speculate that companies will experience a drop in profitability.

Hence, some investors might decide to sell the shares leading to a drop in their market price. At the same time, investors optimistic about the company making profits in the future might buy these stocks, causing a volatile environment.

Value stocks are strongly impacted by a change in the rate of inflation. The market price of value stocks is usually directly proportional to the rate of inflation. Therefore, when the inflation rate rises, value stocks tend to perform better.

On the other hand, Growth stocks have minimal cash flows. Therefore, they have a negative correlation with the rate of inflation. The market price of these stocks drops when inflation rates rise.

Lastly, if you look at dividend-paying stocks, then an increase in the rate of inflation can cause a drop in their market price. This is because, with rising inflation rates, dividends can fail to beat inflation, making such stocks less attractive to investors.

You may also want to use Groww's Inflation Calculator to plan your spending.

4. Long-term Benefits of Rising Inflation Rates on Stock Markets

Inflation is not the devil that it is assumed to be. In fact, a controlled rise in inflation rates is a sign of a growing economy. If you turn the pages of history, you will find that on most occasions, a rising inflation rate is synonymous with an improvement in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP).

It is important to remember that if the inflation rates are too high, then the purchasing power can erode drastically, creating havoc in the economy. However, if the inflation rates are too low, then the growth of the economy can get stunted.

Therefore, investors must compare inflation rates in recent years to assess if the increase is sudden or sustained. If the inflation rates are rising steadily, then it can be healthy for businesses and the economy and be a good environment for stocks.

Summing Up

Long-term investors must consider the fact that the government constantly takes measures to keep inflation in balance. And so, during rising inflation times, investors must avoid panic and emotion-based decisions and look for fundamentally strong stocks that can wither any economic storms with ease.

Happy Investing!