How Does GDP Affect the Standard of Living? (2024)

Gross domestic product (GDP) measures the total output of an entire economy by adding up total consumption, investment, government expenditure, and net exports. GDP is therefore considered a quality approximation of income for an entire economy in a given period.

Per capita GDP is calculated by dividing total GDP by a country's population, and this figure is frequently cited when assessing the standard of living. There are a number of adjustments to GDP used by economists to improve the explanatory power of the statistic, and economists have also developed a number of alternative metrics to measure the standard of living.

Key Takeaways

  • Gross domestic product, or GDP, measures the total output of the economy, including activity, stability, and growth of goods and services; as such, it's seen as a proxy for the economy.
  • The standard of living is derived from per capita GDP, determined by dividing GDP by the number of people living in the country.
  • On a broad level, GDP can, therefore, be used to help determine the standard of living.
  • However, economists often make adjustments to GDP, such as using real GDP, or use alternative methods for determining the standard of living.
  • Generally, rising global income translates to a higher standard of living, while diminishing global income causes the standard of living to decline.

Application and Shortcomings

While the standard of living is a complex topic with no universally objective measurement, rising global income since the Industrial Revolution has undeniably been accompanied by global poverty reduction, improved life expectancy, increased investment in technology development, and a high material standard of living in general.

GDP is divided by population to determine personal income, adjusted for inflation with real GDP, and adjusted for purchasing power parity to control for the impacts of regional price disparities. Real per capita GDP adjusted for purchasing power parity is a heavily refined statistic used to measure true income, which is an important element of well-being.

Real GDP, which measures economic growth minus the impact of inflation, is seen as a more accurate representation of economic growth than nominal GDP.

GDP shrank by an annualized five percent rate in the first quarter of 2020, reflecting the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. It was the biggest quarterly drop in GDP in 11 years, since late 2008, amid the credit crisis.

The Human Development Index

Many economists and academics have observed that income is not the only determinant of well-being, so other metrics have been proposed to measure the standard of living. The Human Development Index (HDI) was developed by economists in association with the United Nations Development Programme, and this metric includes measurements of life expectancy and education in addition to per capita income.

Prior to 2010, GDP was a direct input in the official calculation of HDI, but it has since changed to gross national income (GNI). There are also adjustments to HDI that account for such variables as income inequality.

How Does GDP Affect the Standard of Living? (2024)

FAQs

How does GDP affect our lives? ›

GDP is important because it gives information about the size of the economy and how an economy is performing. The growth rate of real GDP is often used as an indicator of the general health of the economy. In broad terms, an increase in real GDP is interpreted as a sign that the economy is doing well.

How do changes in GDP affect living standards? ›

However, economists often make adjustments to GDP, such as using real GDP, or use alternative methods for determining the standard of living. Generally, rising global income translates to a higher standard of living, while diminishing global income causes the standard of living to decline.

Does an increase in GDP increase standard of living? ›

Faster growth in gross domestic product (GDP) expands the overall size of the economy and strengthens fiscal conditions. Broadly shared growth in per capita GDP increases the typical American's material standard of living.

What factors affect standard of living? ›

The standard of living is measured by things that are easily quantified, such as income, employment opportunities, cost of goods and services, and poverty. Factors such as life expectancy, the inflation rate, or the number of paid vacation days people receive each year are also included.

Why is GDP a good measure of standard of living? ›

GDP per Capita is a measure of a country's economic output that accounts for its number of people. It takes the country's GDP and divides it by the population. This makes it a good measurement of a countries standard of living as it tells you how prosperous a country feels to each of its citizens.

Does GDP affect life satisfaction? ›

People in countries with a GDP per capita of below $6,700 were 12% less likely to report the highest level of life satisfaction than those in countries with a GDP per capita of around $20,000. Countries with GDP per capita over $20,000 see a much less obvious link between GDP and happiness.

What will cause the standard of living to increase? ›

Economic growth leads to more residents and more cultural diversity. With cultural diversity, there is increased creative thinking, more innovative ideas and this leads to improved products and services which ultimately lead to a higher standard of living.

Does higher GDP mean higher life expectancy? ›

To start, the economists confirm that when a country's economic output — its GDP — is higher than expected, mortality rates are also higher than expected.

What will happen if GDP increases? ›

Tracking gross domestic product is important because it provides a general assessment of the state of a country's economy. Generally, if the GDP is growing, companies are expanding and there are more jobs available.

Does real GDP measure standard of living? ›

Standard of living is the amount of goods and services available to purchase in a country. Real GDP per capita and Gross National Income per capita are the two most common ways to measure the standard of living.

Is GDP a good measure of our standard of living in the United States? ›

In short, GDP does not directly measure those things that make life worthwhile, but it does measure our ability to obtain many of the inputs into a worthwhile life. GDP is not, however, a perfect measure of well-being. Some things that contribute to a good life are left out of GDP.

Which type of GDP is best for measuring standard of living? ›

Yet there is a generally accepted measure for standard of living: average real gross domestic product (GDP) per capita. Let's break it down piece by piece: GDP measures annual economic output — the total value of new goods and services produced within a country's borders. Real GDP is the inflation-adjusted value.

What does GDP include that makes people unhappy? ›

GDP only measures a partial amount of economic activity and increases the risk for inequality. People don't like inequality, and there is a body of research to suggest that people are most unhappy when there is a lack of trust and fairness.

What does GDP tell us about the economy? ›

GDP measures the total market value (gross) of all U.S. (domestic) goods and services produced (product) in a given year. When compared with prior periods, GDP tells us whether the economy is expanding by producing more goods and services or contracting due to less output.

Does a higher GDP per capita mean a better standard of living? ›

6 October 2016 - Although GDP per capita is often used as a broad measure of average living standards, high levels of GDP per capita do not necessarily mean high levels of household disposable income, a key measure of average material well-being of people.

Why is GDP not a good measure of standard of living? ›

GDP is an indicator of a society's standard of living, but it is only a rough indicator because it does not directly account for leisure, environmental quality, levels of health and education, activities conducted outside the market, changes in inequality of income, increases in variety, increases in technology, or the ...

What are the benefits of increased GDP? ›

Economic growth means an increase in real GDP – an increase in the value of national output, income and expenditure. Essentially the benefit of economic growth is higher living standards – higher real incomes and the ability to devote more resources to areas like health care and education.

What is GDP and why is it important? ›

Gross domestic product tracks the health of a country's economy. It represents the value of all goods and services produced over a specific time period within a country's borders. Economists can use GDP to determine whether an economy is growing or experiencing a recession.

What is a real life example of GDP? ›

If, for example, Country B produced in one year 5 bananas each worth $1 and 5 backrubs each worth $6, then the GDP would be $35. If in the next year the price of bananas jumps to $2 and the quantities produced remain the same, then the GDP of Country B would be $40.

Why is GDP are important? ›

GDP enables policymakers and central banks to judge whether the economy is contracting or expanding and promptly take necessary action. It also allows policymakers, economists, and businesses to analyze the impact of variables such as monetary and fiscal policy, economic shocks, and tax and spending plans.

How is GDP important to the economy? ›

Tracking gross domestic product is important because it provides a general assessment of the state of a country's economy. Generally, if the GDP is growing, companies are expanding and there are more jobs available.

How can you use GDP to your advantage? ›

It represents the value of all goods and services produced over a specific time period within a country's borders. Economists can use GDP to determine whether an economy is growing or experiencing a recession. Investors can use GDP to make investment decisions—a bad economy often means lower earnings and stock prices.

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