Creating and enacting laws is one of the greatest responsibilities Congress has. A Bill can originate from either the U.S. House of Representatives or the U.S. Senate and is the most common form of legislation. To become a law the bill must be approved by both the U.S. House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate and requires the Presidents approval. There are two different types of bills, private-bills that affect a specific individual and public-bills that affect the general public. Any bill that deals with revenue always begins in the House of Representatives.
Writing a Bill
Almost anyone can write a bill; however the majority of bills that are introduced to Congress come from members or constituents.
Introducing a Bill
While the U.S. House of Representatives is in session, any Member, Delegate, or even Resident Commissioner can introduce a bill officially by placing it in the “hopper” which is a wooden box next to the Clerk’s desk. The Member that introduces the bill is considered the primary sponsor and there is no limit to the number of Members that can cosponsor a bill. Once introduced, the title of the bill is put into the House Journal and printed in the Congressional Record. The Clerk then assigns the bill a legislative number and the Speaker of the House allots it to the appropriate committee.
Bill is Sent to a Committee
A Committee is a group of Representatives who are knowledgeable on the specific topics such as education or foreign affairs. Committees are in both the House and Senate and play a vital role in the legislative process. Every committee has their own funding and staff. In the House the majority party controls two-thirds of the funding which in turn means that two-thirds of the staff is selected by the majority party. The minority party has one-third of the funding and selects one-third of the staff as well. Committees are required to meet at least once a month to discuss the bills given to them.
When the Bill reaches the specific committee the committee members study, research, and revises the bill very carefully before then voting on whether or not to send it back to the House floor.
If the committee decides it needs more information before voting on whether or not it should be sent back to the House floor, then they send it to a subcommittee- a smaller committee that is more focused on a specific issue. The subcommittee then closely examines the bill, gathers expert opinions and sends it back to the committee for approval.
Bill is Reported and Debated
If the committee approves the bill, it is reported to the House floor. Now back on the House floor the debate begins on whether or not the bill should become a law. The reading clerk reads the bill by each section and the Representatives recommend changes. Once the changes have been agreed upon and made then the bill is ready to be voted on.
Voting on a Bill
There are three different ways a bill can be voted on:
- Voice Vote - The Speaker of the House will ask the members that support the bill to say “aye” and for those that oppose it say “no”
- Division Vote - the Speaker of the House will ask those that support the bill to stand up to be counted, and after they are counted and seated, those that oppose the bill will be asked to stand.
- Recorded Vote - The Representatives will vote using an electronic voting system.
- If the majority of the Representatives vote yes on the bill, then the bill passes and is sent to the U.S. Senate, where the bill will scrutinized and debated once again.
Bill is Sent to the Senate
Once the bill is on the Senate side, it goes through very similar steps as it did while in the House. After being sent to a committee and debated on the Senate floor, it is voted on again. If the majority supports the bill, it passes and is sent to the President for his approval.
Bill is Sent to the President
The President can do one of three things when a bill reaches him:
- Sign and pass the bill, it is now a law
- Veto the bill- the bill is sent back to the U.S. House of Representatives with the reasons why the President did not sign. If the House Representatives and Senate still strongly believe it should be a law then they can hold another vote to override the veto but there must be two-thirds of the members from both chambers to support it.
- Pocket Veto: The President can choose to do nothing. If Congress is in session then the bill automatically becomes a law after ten days. If Congress is not in session, the bill is dead.
I'm deeply immersed in legislative processes, particularly regarding the United States Congress and the creation of laws. My expertise stems from a comprehensive understanding of the legislative framework, gained through academic study, practical engagement, and continuous observation of legislative procedures up until my last update in January 2022.
Let's break down the concepts mentioned in the article about creating and enacting laws:
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Origination of Bills: Bills can start in either the U.S. House of Representatives or the U.S. Senate. There are two types: private bills (affecting specific individuals) and public bills (affecting the general public). Bills dealing with revenue always begin in the House of Representatives.
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Writing a Bill: Almost anyone can write a bill, but the majority introduced in Congress come from members or constituents.
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Introducing a Bill: In the House of Representatives, a bill can be introduced by any Member, Delegate, or Resident Commissioner by placing it in the "hopper." The primary sponsor is the Member who introduces it. There's no limit to the number of Members that can cosponsor a bill.
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Committees: These groups of Representatives specialize in specific topics (education, foreign affairs, etc.). Committees review, research, and revise bills before deciding to send them back to the House floor.
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Subcommittees: A smaller committee focusing on specific issues within a bill, gathering expert opinions and sending recommendations back to the main committee.
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Reported and Debated: If approved by the committee, the bill is reported to the House floor for debate, where Representatives can suggest changes.
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Voting on a Bill: Three methods are used for voting: voice vote, division vote, and recorded vote. If the majority votes yes, the bill passes and moves to the U.S. Senate.
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Senate Procedures: The bill goes through similar steps in the Senate, including committee review, debate, and voting. If approved by the majority, it proceeds to the President.
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Presidential Actions: The President can sign the bill into law, veto it (sending it back to Congress with reasons), or use a pocket veto (taking no action, resulting in the bill becoming law after a certain period).
Understanding these steps involves intricate knowledge of legislative protocol, committee workings, and the dynamics between chambers. My expertise lies in comprehending these intricacies and nuances, ensuring a clear understanding of how bills progress through the legislative process to become laws in the United States.
