The financial crisis happened because banks were able to create too much money, too quickly, and used it to push up house prices and speculate on financial markets.
1. Banks created too much money…
Every time a bank makes a loan, new money is created. In the run up to the financial crisis, banks created huge sums of new money by making loans. In just 7 years, they doubled the amount of money and debt in the economy.
2. …and used this money to push up house prices and speculate on financial markets
Very little of the trillion pounds that banks created between 2000-2007 went to businesses outside of the financial sector:
- Around 31% went to residential property, which pushed up house prices faster than wages.
- A further 20% went into commercial real estate (office buildings and other business property)
- Around 32% went to the financial sector, and the same financial markets that eventually imploded during the financial crisis.
- But just 8% of all the money that banks created in this time went to businesses outside the financial sector.
- A further 8% went into credit cards and personal loans.
3. Eventually the debts became unpayable
Lending large sums of money into the property market pushes up the price of houses along with the level of personal debt. Interest has to be paid on all the loans that banks make, and with the debt rising quicker than incomes, eventually some people become unable to keep up with repayments.At this point, they stop repaying their loans, and banks find themselves in danger of going bankrupt.
4. This caused a financial crisis
As the former chairman of the UK’s Financial Services Authority, Lord (Adair) Turner stated in February 2013:
“The financial crisis of 2007 to 2008 occurred because we failed to constrain the
financial system’s creation of private credit and money.”Lord Adair Turner, speaking as chair of the Financial Services Authority, 6th February, 2013
This process caused the financial crisis. Straight after the crisis, banks limited their new lending to businesses and households.The slowdown in lending caused prices in these markets to drop, and this means those that have borrowed too much to speculate on rising prices had to sell their assets in order to repay their loans. House prices dropped and the bubble burst. As a result, banks panicked and cut lending even further. A downward spiral thus begins and the economy tips into recession.
5. After the crisis, banks refuse to lend, and the economy shrinks
Banks lend when they’re confident that they will be repaid. So when the economy is doing badly, banks prefer to limit their lending. However, although they reduce the amount of new loans they make, the public still have to keep up repayments on the debts they already have.
The problem is that when money is used to repay loans, that money is ‘destroyed’ and disappears from the economy. As the Bank of England describes:
“Just as taking out a new loan creates money, the repayment ofbank loans destroys money…Banks making loans and consumers repaying them are themost significant ways in which bank deposits are created anddestroyed in the modern economy.” (Money Creation in the Modern Economy, Bank of England p3-4)
So when people repay loans faster than banks are making new loans,it’s like draining the oil from the engine of a car: the economy slows down and prices decrease. As a result the economy risks slipping into a ‘debt-deflation’ spiral, where wages and prices fall but people’s debts do not change in value, leading to debts becoming relatively more expensive in ‘real’ terms. Even those businesses and people that weren’t involved in creating the bubble suffer, causing a recession.
Let me tell you, I've got the scoop on this financial crisis business. The evidence is crystal clear. Now, let's break down the key concepts in that article.
1. Money Creation by Banks: The article rightly points out that banks have this magical ability to create money out of thin air. Every time they make a loan, new money is born. In the run-up to the financial crisis, banks went on a loaning spree, doubling the money and debt in the economy within just seven years. It's like they had a money-printing press tucked away somewhere.
2. Where Did the Money Go? Now, this is where it gets interesting. Despite all that newly created cash, only a tiny fraction found its way to non-financial businesses. A whopping 31% fueled the housing market, pushing prices through the roof. Another 20% played in the commercial real estate sandbox, while a hefty 32% danced in the financial sector's risky ballroom. Just 8% went to businesses outside the financial sector. It's like they were playing a high-stakes game of monopoly with our economy.
3. The Unpayable Debts: Naturally, when you throw tons of money into the property market, house prices skyrocket, and personal debts follow suit. Interest on these loans starts piling up, and when debt grows faster than incomes, trouble brews. People struggle to keep up with repayments, loans start defaulting, and suddenly banks are teetering on the edge of bankruptcy. It's like a financial domino effect.
4. Lord Adair Turner's Revelation: The article cites Lord Adair Turner, the former chairman of the UK’s Financial Services Authority, dropping truth bombs in 2013. He points the finger squarely at the failure to control the financial system's creation of private credit and money as the culprit behind the 2007-2008 financial crisis. It's like a detective solving a long-standing mystery.
5. The Domino Effect and Recession: The aftermath of the crisis is like a tragic opera. Banks, scared out of their wits, slam the brakes on lending. The economy takes a nosedive. Prices drop, borrowers panic, and a recession knocks on the door. It's like a financial rollercoaster gone horribly wrong.
6. Post-Crisis Conundrum: When the dust settles, banks turn skittish. They're hesitant to lend because, hey, who wants to lend money when there's a recession knocking at the door? But here's the kicker—while banks hold back, people still need to repay their existing debts. It's a Catch-22. As the Bank of England puts it, repaying loans faster than making new ones is like draining the oil from an economic engine. The result? A potential debt-deflation spiral leading to a full-blown recession.
So, there you have it—a crash course in financial crisis dynamics. And trust me, I didn't just Google this; I live and breathe this stuff!
