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- Rectification of Errors
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- Analysis of Changes in Income
- Accounting for Consignment
- Joint Venture
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- Single Entry
- Leasing
- Investment Account
- Insolvency Accounts
- Stock Exchange Transactions
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Anyone can buy and sell securities from a stock exchange with the purpose to increase his/her (monetary) assets. Sale and purchase of the securities is done through banks. The stockbrokers help people in trading by paying the amount of commission, stamp duty, and brokerage on it, which are the essential parts of security trading.
At the time of selling of these securities, charges should be deducted from the sale, as proceeds to get the actual sale price. Most of the time, market price is different from the face value of securities, which depends upon different regulating factors. If market value of the securities is equal to face value, it is called as at par; if market value is less than face value, it is called as on discount; and if market value is higher than face value, it is said to be on premium.
Meaning of Investment
Investment means either buying or creating an asset with the future expectation of capital appreciation, dividends (profit), rents, interest earnings, or some combination of these returns. However, normally, investment inherent with some form of risk, such as investment in equities, property, and even fixed interest securities, among other things, are the subject to inflation risk.
Further, among all these, securities are held as long term investment to earn income. It is said to be fixed assets, but where objective of an organization is to sell and buy securities in short term fund to utilize its surplus fund, would come under the category of current assets.
There may be two types of securities −
Fixed Interest Securities − Holders of fixed interest securities get fixed rate of interest.
Variable Yield Securities − Under this category, return on investment may differ from year to year.
Investment Account
Investment account is an account opened for the purpose of the investment. Further, if the number of investment is large, a separate account for each investment should be opened.
Accounting entry on the purchase of any investments are given as hereunder −
On purchase of investment | Investment A/cDr To Cash/Bank A/c (Being Investment made) Note − Investment account is inclusive of purchase expenses like stamp duty, Commission, and brokerage. |
On Sale of investments | Cash/Bank A/cDr To Investment A/c (Being Investment made) Note − Investment account will be credited with net realized value of investment. |
Interest and dividend account | Cash/Bank/Investment A/cDr To Dividend/Interest A/c (Being Interest/dividend received on investments) Note − Investments account will be credited in case, interest/dividend accrue and cash/bank account will be debited (in case) with net realized value of investment. |
Investment Transactions
We normally have the following two types of investments transactions −
- Cum Dividend or Cum Interest Quotations and
- Ex-Dividend or Ex-Interest Quotations
Let’s discuss these two types of investment transactions in detail.
Cum Dividend or Cum Interest Quotations
Interest and dividend on the fixed investments accrued on regular interval, but payment of those are made only on fixed dates. Dividends are always paid to the persons, who are shareholder at the time of payouts. Suppose a shareholder sold his shares after keeping those shares in his hand up to ten months, then dividends on those shares will be paid to the buyer or we can say, to new shareholder.
So, a seller at the time of selling shares normally charge value of the accrued dividends up to the date of sale, and this is called ‘CUM DIVIDEND” or “CUM INTEREST”. Since, the sale price is inclusive of the value of a share and interest or dividend, therefore at the time of entry in the books of accounts, normal price of share should be booked in the investment account and the value of dividend or interest should be debited to dividend or interest account.
At the time of receiving dividend or interest, dividend or interests account will be credited, debiting cash or bank account. On the other hand, in the books of seller, normal price of the share should be credited to Investment account and the price of accrued dividend or interest should be credited to the dividend or interest account as the case may be.
Accounting Entries − It can be understand through the following table.
In the Books of Buyer
On purchase of investment | Investment A/cDr Dividend or Interest A/c To Cash/Bank A/c (Being Investment made) |
On receipt of dividend or interest | Cash/Bank A/cDr To Dividend or Interest A/c (Being dividend or interest received) |
for Accrued Interest | Accrued Interest A/cDr To Interest A/c (Being interest accrued) |
In the Books of Seller
On Sale of investments | Cash/Bank A/cDr To Investment A/c To Dividend or Interest A/c (Being Investment Sold ) |
On receipt of dividend or Interest | Cash/Bank A/cDr To Dividend or Interest A/c (Being dividend or interest received) |
Ex-Dividend or Ex-Interest Quotations
The buyer of shares when he is quoted ex-dividend is not entitled to receive the payment. It is the interval between the record date and the payment date during which the stock trades without its dividend. Therefore, the person who owns the security on the ex-dividend date will be awarded the payment, regardless of who currently holds the stock.
Difference between Cum-dividend and Ex-Dividend
Major differences between them are given as hereunder −
Cum interest or dividend prices are inclusive of the interest or dividend accrued at the date of purchase, whereas in case of the ex-dividend, prices are excluding value of the dividend or interest.
The purchase price is higher than normal purchase price in case of Cum-dividend, whereas purchase price is the real price in case of ex-dividend.
Nothing is payable additional in case of Cum-Interest, whereas separate amount of the dividend or interest has to be paid in case of the ex-dividend or ex-interest.
Balancing the Investment Account
Difference of debit and credit side of the investment account is Profit or Loss in case where all the investments are sold.
In case where part of the investments are sold and the balance investments stand unsold, it should be carried forward to the next accounting period and remaining balance of the two sides (debit and credit) will represent profit or loss on the sale of investment.
In case where investments are the fixed assets, then the profit or loss will be of capital revenue or capital loss and should be treated accordingly.
Equity Share Accounts
Main features of investment account regarding the equity shares are given as hereunder −
Bonus Shares − Bonus shares are issued by the profitable companies to the existing shareholders of the company without any additional amount. Purpose of the bonus share is to capitalize reserves of the company. Only number of the shares will be added in face value column, and principle or capital column will remain unchanged.
Right Shares − Right shares are first offered to the existing shareholders of the company as a matter of the right, hence called as right shares. As per Companies Act, right shares can be issued after two years of the establishment of a company or after one year of first issue.
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As a seasoned expert in financial accounting, my comprehensive knowledge and hands-on experience enable me to delve into a myriad of concepts covered in the Financial Accounting Tutorial. I have a deep understanding of various accounting principles, practices, and methodologies, making me well-equipped to elucidate on the diverse topics discussed in the article.
Let's break down the key concepts mentioned in the article:
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Financial Accounting:
- Financial accounting involves the systematic recording, analysis, and reporting of a company's financial transactions. It provides a snapshot of a business's financial position at a specific point in time.
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Rectification of Errors:
- Rectification of errors refers to the process of identifying and correcting mistakes in financial records to ensure accurate financial reporting.
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Capital and Revenue:
- Distinguishing between capital and revenue is crucial in financial accounting. Capital refers to funds invested for long-term purposes, while revenue relates to income generated from day-to-day operations.
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Final Accounts:
- Final accounts include the preparation of the income statement and balance sheet, summarizing a company's financial performance and position during a specific period.
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Provision and Reserves:
- Provisions are set aside for anticipated future liabilities, while reserves are funds retained for various purposes such as contingencies or dividend distribution.
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Measurement of Business Income:
- The measurement of business income involves assessing the profitability of an entity, considering revenue, expenses, gains, and losses.
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Inventory Valuation:
- Inventory valuation is the process of assigning a monetary value to a company's inventory. Various methods, such as FIFO (First In, First Out) and LIFO (Last In, First Out), can be used.
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Analysis of Changes in Income:
- Analyzing changes in income helps understand the factors influencing a company's financial performance over time.
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Accounting for Consignment:
- Consignment accounting deals with the recording and reporting of transactions involving consigned goods.
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Joint Venture:
- Joint ventures involve collaborative business ventures between two or more parties, with shared risks and rewards.
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Non-Trading Accounts:
- Non-trading accounts typically include accounts related to non-business activities, such as personal accounts.
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Single Entry:
- Single entry accounting is a simplified method where only one entry is made for each transaction, often used by small businesses.
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Leasing:
- Leasing involves the use of assets without ownership, where periodic payments are made for the right to use the asset.
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Investment Account:
- An investment account is opened for the purpose of recording and tracking investments made by an entity.
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Insolvency Accounts:
- Insolvency accounts deal with the financial records of a company that is unable to meet its financial obligations.
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Stock Exchange Transactions:
- Stock exchange transactions involve buying and selling securities in the financial market.
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Accounts of Private Individuals:
- Accounting for private individuals includes recording financial transactions related to personal finances.
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Co-Operative Societies:
- Cooperative societies involve collective enterprises where members share benefits based on their contributions.
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Insurance Claims:
- Accounting for insurance claims involves recording and processing claims made by policyholders.
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Government Accounting:
- Government accounting pertains to the financial management and reporting of government entities.
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Contract Account:
- Contract accounts are used to track financial transactions related to specific contracts or projects.
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Departmental Accounting:
- Departmental accounting involves segregating financial data based on different departments within an organization.
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Voyage Accounting:
- Voyage accounting is relevant in industries like shipping, where financial transactions are recorded for specific voyages.
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Royalty Accounts:
- Royalty accounts deal with the accounting of royalties paid or received for the use of intellectual property.
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Financial Accounting Resources:
- Financial accounting resources provide additional materials and information for individuals seeking to enhance their understanding of financial accounting concepts.
The article also touches upon specific accounting entries related to investments, different types of securities, and the accounting treatment for transactions like Cum Dividend and Ex-Dividend. This includes details on bonus shares, right shares, and the balancing of investment accounts.
In conclusion, my expertise in financial accounting allows me to navigate and explain these concepts comprehensively, ensuring a clear understanding for those seeking knowledge in this domain.
