If you'reready to buy a home, one of the first things to consider is what type of mortgage you need.Conventional loansandFHA loansare two popular options for first-time and repeat homebuyers, as well as current homeowners who want torefinance their mortgage. The main distinction between the two is that FHA loans are backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. government, while conventional loans are not. The differences don't end there, however. Choosing the right mortgage matters, because the path you follow can ultimately influence the cost of owning your home over the long term. As you begin your home-buying journey, here are the most important things to weigh when comparing conventional and FHA loans.
Key Takeaways
- FHA loans are backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. government, while conventional loans are not.
- An FHA loan may require a down payment as small as 3.5%, compared to the traditional 20% that's recommended for conventional loans.
- On a conventional loan, private mortgage insurance automatically ends once you reach a 78%LTV ratio. With an FHA loan, insurance premiums stay in effect for life.
- Conventional and FHA loans use different standards for borrower approval, and FHA loans are generally easier to qualify for.
Down Payment Requirements
FHA loans have long been touted as the go-to option for home buyers who don't have a significant amount of cash for adown payment. It's possible to buy a home with as little as 3.5% of the purchase price down through the FHA loan program. Traditionally, a 20% down payment has been the standard for conventional loans, but it's now possible to get a mortgage throughFannie Mae or Freddie Macwith a down payment of 3%. That could make a conventional loan slightly more attractive for qualified buyers.
Private Mortgage Insurance
Private mortgage insurance (PMI)applies when you put less than 20% down on a home using a conventional loan. PMI is an insurance policy for the lender that allows them to recoup any financial losses if you default on your mortgage. FHA loans also carry private mortgage insurance, but they're called "mortgage insurance premiums" (MIP).
Conventional vs. FHA loans diverge in how these premiums are calculated and applied. With an FHA loan, you have both an upfront premium and a monthly premium. The upfront premium can be rolled into your mortgage or paid at closing; the monthly premium is included as part of your mortgage payment. With a conventional mortgage, you typically only pay a monthly or single premium for PMI. Your PMI rates are determined by the size of your down payment and yourcredit score. An FHA loan uses a one-size-fits-all premium-rate calculation.
Where conventional vs. FHA loans have the advantage is that PMI automatically ends once you achieve a 78%loan-to-value ratio. With an FHA loan, the mortgage insurance premium stays in effect for life. The only way to remove it is to refinance to a conventional loan with a 20% down payment.
Loan Limits
How much you can borrow matters when you're comparing conventional vs. FHA loans. FHA loan limits are determined based on where you plan to buy and the median home prices in that area. Conventional loans typically adhere to the same limit, regardless of the market you're buying in. For 2019, most buyers are subjected toa limit of $484,350for a conventional loan.
Conventional and FHA loans also differ in the types of property you can use them for. A conventional loan, for instance, could be used to buy a primary residence, vacation home, or rental property. If you're applying for an FHA loan, it's assumed that you'll be living in that home full time. Homes purchased through the FHA loan program must also meet stricterappraisal standardsto qualify for a mortgage. In that sense, a conventional loan can present fewer obstacles to buying.
Qualifying for the Loans
Conventional and FHA loans use different standards for borrower approval. From a credit scoring perspective, FHA loans are easier to qualify for. As of 2018, theminimum credit scoreyou need to qualify for an FHA loan with a 3.5% down payment is 580. It's possible to get an FHA loan with a credit score below that cutoff, but you'll need to bump up your down payment to 10% of the purchase price.
Conventional loans raise the bar on credit standards. A score of 620 or better is generally recommended in order to get approved for a conventional mortgage, but individual banks can require an even higher score. Borrowers for both types of loans will also look at your income and how much of that goes to debt repayment each month. With an FHA loan, you may be able to get approved with a higherdebt-to-income (DTI) ratio, but conventional mortgages typically cap the acceptable DTI ratio at 43%.
Your credit score and DTI ratio matters for approval because they influence the interest rate you'll pay on your loan. Generally, FHA loans tend to offer better rates for borrowers than conventional loans. A lower rate means having lower mortgage costs overall, which is especially important wheninterest rates rise.
Deciding What Is Right for You
Both FHA and conventional loans can offer low down payments, but FHA loans can be beneficial for borrowers who may have a lower credit score. The downside is that you won't be able to eliminate private mortgage insurance with an FHA loan unless you refinance. Calculating the upfront and overall cost of buying with a conventional versus an FHA loan can help you decide which one is the better fit for your home buying situation.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Which type of loan typically carries the most loan points?
Each lender determines the discount points they're willing to offer for various situations. One type of loan isn't necessarily guaranteed to have better points. However, FHA loans allow for smaller down payments. If someone doesn't put down enough of a payment to avoid private mortgage insurance (PMI), then the cost of PMI could make it a more expensive loan.
What does "FHA" stand for?
"FHA" stands for the "Federal Housing Administration." Congress established the FHA within the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) in 1934. The FHA insures mortgages on many different types of properties, including single-family homes, multi-unit residential buildings, and hospitals.
