It's uncommon for someone with U.S. citizenship to lose that status, but not impossible--find out more here.
One of the many benefits of becoming a U.S. citizen is that it's a stable status. Unlike the situation for lawful permanent residents (green card holders), a U.S. citizen can't lose citizenship solely by living outside of the United States for a long time. But there are nuances and exceptions to be aware of, as described below.
Abandonment of U.S. Residence Is Not, By Itself, an Issue for U.S. Citizens
Making one's home in another country is a much bigger issue for people who haven't naturalized, but who have a U.S. green card (are "lawful permanent residents"). They can be found to have "abandoned" their U.S. residence, and thus be refused reentry to the United States. (Details can be found in Keeping Your Green Card After You Get It.) This is one of the primary motivators for people to apply for naturalized U.S. citizenship. A naturalized citizen can live for as long as they wish in another country, with almost no risk to their U.S. citizenship status.
Exceptions, or Actions That Can Cause Someone to Lose Naturalized U.S. Citizenship
With a few exceptions, anyone with U.S. citizenship will retain it for life. The exceptions include when one of the following takes place:
- The U.S. immigration authorities revoke the person's naturalized citizenship. Called "denaturalization," this will happen only if you obtained your citizenship illegally in the first place, through fraud or concealment of a material fact, or willful misrepresentation. Efforts at denaturalization are rare, though they increased under the Trump administration.
- The person does something that falls under the U.S.'s "loss of nationality" statute. This is found at Section 349 of the Immigration and Nationality Act.) An important thing to notice about this statute is that it contains some wiggle room: The person who performs the relevant act must do so "with the intention of relinquishing United States nationality" in order to lose citizenship. Here's what the statute lists as acts that might result in loss of U.S. nationality:
- Becoming a naturalized citizen of another country after age 18. If you are a citizen of another country by birth rather than naturalization, this won't apply to you. (And in any case, there's that "intention" element of the statute; the very reason that many people can become dual citizens of the U.S. and another country.)
- Joining the military of a foreign state. If you enter or serve in the armed forces of a foreign state and either those armed forces are engaged in hostilities against the U.S. or you serve as an officer (commissioned or non-commissioned), you could be found to have relinquished your U.S. citizenship.
- Joining the government of a foreign state. If you accept, serve in, or perform the duties of any office, post, or employment under the government of a foreign state or one of its political subdivisions (after age 18), and you either acquire that state's nationality or take a required oath, affirmation, or declaration of allegiance to it, you may be found to have relinquished your U.S. citizenship.
- Performing some act to intentionally give up U.S. citizenship. For example, some people file a formal oath of renunciation. They might do so, for example, because they wish to live in another country that does not permit dual citizenship. (Renunciation also makes the news at times, when wealthy people use it as a way to stop paying taxes they owe in the United States.)
- Committing treason or other acts against the U.S. government. Not surprisingly, trying or conspiring to do things like overthrow, bear arms against, or make war on the United States can result in a finding that you have given up your U.S. citizenship.
The bottom line is that, unless something on the above list fits you, the fact that you are living in another country should not affect your status as a U.S. citizen.
Getting Legal Help
If you are still in doubt as to your status, consult an experienced U.S. immigration attorney for a full personal analysis. See Choosing, Hiring, or Firing an Immigration Attorney.
