California Attorney Verification 446 (2024)

California Code, Code of Civil Procedure – CCP § 446

§ 446. Subscription and verification of pleadings

(a) Every pleading shall be subscribed by the party or his or her attorney. When the state, any county thereof, city, school district, district, public agency, or public corporation, or any officer of the state, or of any county thereof, city, school district, district, public agency, or public corporation, in his or her official capacity, is plaintiff, the answer shall be verified, unless an admission of the truth of the complaint might subject the party to a criminal prosecution, or, unless a county thereof, city, school district, district, public agency, or public corporation, or an officer of the state, or of any county, city, school district, district, public agency, or public corporation, in his or her official capacity, is defendant. When the complaint is verified, the answer shall be verified. In all cases of a verification of a pleading, the affidavit of the party shall state that the same is true of his own knowledge, except as to the matters which are therein stated on his or her information or belief, and as to those matters that he or she believes it to be true; and where a pleading is verified, it shall be by the affidavit of a party, unless the parties are absent from the county where the attorney has his or her office, or from some cause unable to verify it, or the facts are within the knowledge of his or her attorney or other person verifying the same. When the pleading is verified by the attorney, or any other person except one of the parties, he or she shall set forth in the affidavit the reasons why it is not made by one of the parties.

When a corporation is a party, the verification may be made by any officer thereof. When the state, any county thereof, city, school district, district, public agency, or public corporation, or an officer of the state, or of any county thereof, city, school district, district, public agency, or public corporation, in his or her official capacity is plaintiff, the complaint need not be verified; and if the state, any county thereof, city, school district, district, public agency, or public corporation, or an officer of such state, county, city, school district, district, public agency, or public corporation, in his or her official capacity is defendant, its or his or her answer need not be verified.

When the verification is made by the attorney for the reason that the parties are absent from the county where he or she has his or her office, or from some other cause are unable to verify it, or when the verification is made on behalf of a corporation or public agency by any officer thereof, the attorney’s or officer’s affidavit shall state that he or she has read the pleading and that he or she is informed and believes the matters therein to be true and on that ground alleges that the matters stated therein are true. However, in those cases the pleadings shall not otherwise be considered as an affidavit or declaration establishing the facts therein alleged.

A person verifying a pleading need not swear to the truth or his or her belief in the truth of the matters stated therein but may, instead, assert the truth or his or her belief in the truth of those matters “under penalty of perjury.”

(b) This section shall become operative on January 1, 1999, unless a statute that becomes effective on or before this date extends or deletes the repeal date of Section 446 , as amended by Assembly Bill 3594 of the 1993-94 Regular Session.

California Code of Civil Procedure – CCP § 446

Subscription and Verification of Pleadings

(a) Subscription and Verification:

Pleading Subscription: Every pleading must be subscribed by the party involved or their attorney.
Verification Requirement for Plaintiffs: When the state, county, city, school district, district, public agency, public corporation, or any relevant officer is the plaintiff, the answer must be verified, unless admission might lead to criminal prosecution.
Verification of Complaint: If the complaint is verified, the answer must also be verified.
Affidavit Content: The affidavit of the party verifying the pleading should state that the information is true to the best of their knowledge, except for matters stated on information or belief.
Verification by Attorney: If verified by the attorney or another person, reasons for not having a party verify it should be provided.

(b) Verification of Corporations and Public Agencies:

Corporate Verification: When a corporation is a party, verification can be made by any officer of the corporation.
Non-Verification for Certain Plaintiffs and Defendants: The complaint need not be verified when the state, county, city, school district, district, public agency, or public corporation is the plaintiff. Similarly, the answer need not be verified when any of these entities, or an officer thereof, is the defendant.

(c) Affidavit Content for Attorney or Officer Verification:

Reading and Belief Assertion: The attorney's or officer's affidavit must state that they have read the pleading and believe the matters stated to be true.

(d) Verification "Under Penalty of Perjury":

Alternative to Swearing: A person verifying a pleading can assert the truth or belief in the truth of the matters "under penalty of perjury," eliminating the need for swearing.

Additional Information:

The excerpt concludes with information about the section's operative date, which became effective on January 1, 1999, unless affected by other statutes.

This section plays a crucial role in ensuring the accuracy and integrity of pleadings in legal proceedings in California, particularly regarding verification requirements for different types of parties involved in civil cases.

For further information or assistance regarding California civil procedure, including business and corporate legal matters, individuals can consult experienced professionals such as California Business Lawyers and Corporate Lawyers.