Key concepts
Electricity
Electronics
Insulators
Conductors
Introduction
Have you ever wondered why rubbing a balloon or a blanket—or even a winter hat—on your head makes your hair stand up? The effect is due to static electricity, but how is the static electricity made, and why does it make your hair stand on end?
Static electricity is the buildup of electrical charge in an object. Sometimes static electricity can suddenly discharge, such as when a bolt of lightning flashes through the sky. Other times, static electricity can cause objects to cling to one another. Think of how socks fresh out of the dryer stick together. This happens when objects have opposite charges, positive and negative, which attract. (Objects with the same charges repel one another.) Could enough static electricity make a balloon stick to a wall? How much do you think you would have to rub it?
Background
When one object is rubbed against another, static electricity can be created. This is because the rubbing creates a negative charge that is carried by electrons. The electrons can build up to produce static electricity. For example, when you shuffle your feet across a carpet, you are creating many surface contacts between your feet and the carpet, allowing electrons to transfer to you, thereby building up a static charge on your skin. When you touch another person or an object, you can suddenly discharge the static as an electrical shock.
Similarly, when you rub a balloon on your head it causes opposite static charges to build up both on your hair and the balloon. Consequently, when you pull the balloon slowly away from your head, you can see these two opposite static charges attracting one another and making your hair stand up.
Materials
• Balloon
• An object made out of wool (such as a sweater, scarf, blanket or ball of yarn)
• Stopwatch
• A wall
• A partner (optional)
Preparation
• Blow up the balloon and tie off the end.
• Have your partner prepare to use the stopwatch.
Procedure
• Hold the balloon in a way that your hand covers as little of its surface area as possible, such as by using only your thumb and pointer finger or by gripping the balloon by its neck where it is tied off.
• Rub the balloon on the woolly object once, in one direction.
• Hold the balloon up on the wall with the side that was rubbed against the wool facing the wall, then release it. Does the balloon stay stuck on the wall? If the balloon stays stuck, have your partner immediately start the stopwatch to time how long the balloon remains bound to the wall. If the balloon does not stick, move to the next step.
• Touch the balloon to a metal object. Why do you think this is important to do?
• Repeat the above process but each time increase the number of times you rub the balloon on the woolly object. Rub the balloon in the same direction each time. (Do not rub the balloon back and forth.) How many rubs does it take to make the balloon stick to the wall for a few seconds? What about multiple minutes?
• You can repeat this whole process two more times. Do your observations for each trial match with the previous trials?
• Extra: Does rubbing in one direction give a different result than rubbing back and forth? Try comparing the same number of rubs in one direction with those done back and forth. Does one stay on the wall longer than the other?
• Extra: Try comparing the effectiveness of different materials for producing a static charge. Does rubbing wool work better than rubbing silk? Design an experiment to test several different materials: silk, wool, nylon, polyester, plastic, metal, etcetera.
Observations and results
In general, did the balloon stick to the wall for a longer amount of time as you increased the number of times you rubbed the balloon on the woolly object?
Wool is a conductive material, which means it readily gives away its electrons. Consequently, when you rub a balloon on wool, this causes the electrons to move from the wool to the balloon's surface. The rubbed part of the balloon now has a negative charge. Objects made of rubber, such as the balloon, are electrical insulators, meaning that they resist electric charges flowing through them. This is why only part of the balloon may have a negative charge (where the wool rubbed it) and the rest may remain neutral.
When the balloon has been rubbed enough times to gain a sufficient negative charge, it will be attracted to the wall. Although the wall should normally have a neutral charge, the charges within it can rearrange so that a positively charged area attracts the negatively charged balloon. Because the wall is also an electrical insulator, the charge is not immediately discharged. However, because metal is an electrical conductor, when you rub the balloon against metal the extra electrons in the balloon quickly leave the balloon and move into the metal so the balloon is no longer attracted and does not adhere.
More to explore
"Static Electricity: Learn about Static Charge & Static Shock" from Science Made Simple
"The Shocking Truth Behind Static Electricity" from Live Science
"Static Electricity: Background Information for the Teacher" from The Museum of Science, Boston
"Rubbing Up against Static Electricity" from Science Buddies
This activity brought to you in partnership with Science Buddies
I'm well-versed in the world of electricity and electronics, with a knack for static electricity's intriguing phenomena, just like the ones explored in the Science Buddies article. The buildup of electrical charge in objects, the mechanics behind static electricity generation through electron transfer, and the behavior of conductive and insulative materials are all familiar territories.
The article delves into the foundational concepts:
Electricity:
- Static Electricity: It's the buildup of electrical charge in an object due to the transfer of electrons when two objects are rubbed against each other.
- Discharge: The sudden release of static electricity, akin to lightning or a spark when a charged object comes into contact with another object.
Electronics:
- Conductors: Materials that allow the flow of electrical charge, like metals, facilitating the movement of electrons.
- Insulators: Materials that resist the flow of electrical charge, such as rubber or certain plastics, impeding electron movement.
Experiments and Demonstrations:
- Rubbing and Charge Transfer: Rubbing a balloon against wool transfers electrons, giving the balloon a negative charge.
- Attraction and Repulsion: Oppositely charged objects attract while objects with the same charge repel each other.
- Static Electricity Experiments: The article outlines experiments like sticking a charged balloon to a wall and how the number of rubs affects the charge buildup.
Additional Explorations:
- Material Comparison: Exploring different materials (wool, silk, nylon, polyester, etc.) to observe their effectiveness in generating static charge.
- Charge Dissipation: Observing how metal, an electrical conductor, dissipates the charge from a rubbed balloon.
Understanding these concepts lays the groundwork for exploring more advanced applications and theories within the realm of electricity and static phenomena. If you're curious to dive deeper, the additional resources mentioned in the article are excellent starting points for a more comprehensive understanding of static electricity and its principles.
