Introduction
The architecture of Africa is as diverse as the continent itself. African architecture is a mix of indigenous styles and styles introduced by Europeans. Religion has been an especially strong influence in African architecture.
Traditional Materials
Most of Africa’s rural peoples use natural materials that are locally available for their buildings. In grasslands, people typically use grasses to cover walls and roofs. In forested areas, people build with hardwoods as well as with bamboo and raffia palm. Earth and clay are also major building resources. In areas with few natural resources, people often live as nomads, moving from place to place. Instead of building permanent homes, they typically use simple brush shelters or portable tents made of animal skins and woven hair.
African houses are often cylindrical (round) in shape. The Xhosa people of southern Africa build round one-room houses called rondavels. A rondavel is typically made from a ring of timber posts, filled in with mud or basket weave, and topped with a conical thatched roof. In the semidesert regions of Sudan and western Africa, round houses are often constructed of sun-dried mud in a coil pottery technique.
Many of the natural materials used in African architecture are vulnerable to rain, rot, or termites. Buildings made from such materials, no matter how well constructed, last for only a limited time. Thus, many of the traditional buildings found today in Africa are not very old, even though they are built in styles that date back many centuries.
In contrast, Africa still has some ancient structures made of stone, which is much more durable. The oldest examples of stone architecture in Africa are the pyramids of Egypt, which were built more than 4,500 years ago. South of the Sahara, stone ruins of Great Zimbabwe remain in what is now the country of Zimbabwe. This city was the center of an African trading empire from the 1000s through the 1400s.
Religious Influences
For more than a thousand years, the religion of Islam has influenced architecture in several regions of Africa. Islamic states traded with the early kingdoms of the western Sudan region and exposed them to Islamic culture. During the 1000s, Kumbi, the capital of the kingdom of Ghana (in what is now Mali), was said to have a dozen mosques—Islamic houses of worship. Of the many mosques in western African towns, probably the most magnificent example is the great mud-walled building in Djenné, Mali.
In the kingdoms of Mali and Songhai, Muslim builders introduced a new type of dwelling. The houses they built were flat-roofed and often two or more stories in height. They were made from sun-dried mud bricks or from mud and stone. By the 1500s this form had spread to what is now northern Nigeria. Examples can still be found in Kano, Sokoto, and other Nigerian cities.
In eastern Africa, Islamic influence came from the Persian Gulf and Red Sea regions. Dar es Salaam, Mombasa, and other cities along the coasts of Tanzania and Kenya were built largely of stone by Swahili- and Arabic-speaking traders. In the late 1400s these cities were looted and burned by the Portuguese. Only the island port of Lamu, Kenya, kept the character of a Swahili town. The houses there are built of coral stone and have roofs of mangrove poles.
Before the late 1800s, the influence of Christianity on African architecture was limited mostly to Ethiopia. During the 1200s, 11 remarkable churches were carved out of underground rock in the north-central Ethiopian town of Lalibela. Northern Ethiopia has many other rock-carved and cave churches.
European Influences
European architecture came to southern Africa in the second half of the 1600s. It began when the Dutch developed Cape Town as a trading post. A Dutch fortress called the Castle of Good Hope, completed in 1679, still stands. Many large public buildings, churches, and private homes were built in the Cape Dutch style. Some of these buildings have distinctive gables. Dutch East Indian building styles also had an influence on Cape Dutch architecture. Many of the woodcuts in old Cape buildings were made by Malay craftsmen who had been brought to Africa in slavery from the Dutch East Indies.
In 1806 the British government took control of the Cape. From then on, the colonial architecture of Britain influenced local architecture. Many British-built homes had ornamental metal roofs and narrow columns. Similar styles can still be seen in South Africa. British traders and administrators also brought building styles from India—another country under British rule.
European colonial architecture made a big impact on the coasts and in the cities of other parts of Africa. The Portuguese built European-style forts and castles along the western and southwestern coasts. The French brought broad, Parisian-style boulevards to African cities such as Casablanca, Morocco; Dakar, Senegal; and Cairo, Egypt. The influence of German-style architecture can be seen in Cameroon, Togo, Namibia, and Tanzania.
