Acrocyanosis: The Flying Dutchman (2024)

1. Davis E. Clinical aspects of acrocyanosis. Adv Microcirc. 1982;10:101–119. [Google Scholar]

2. Davis E. Oscillometry of radial artery in acrocyanosis and cold sensitivity. J Mal Vasc. 1992;17:214–217. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

3. Kermani TA, Pislaru SV, Osborn TG. Acrocyanosis from phenazopyridine-induced sulfhemoglobinemia mistaken for Raynaud phenomenon. J Clin Rheumatol. 2009;15:127–129. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

4. Schulze UME, Pettke-Rank CV, Kreienkamp M, et al. Dermatologic findings in anorexia and bulimia nervosa of childhood and adolescence. Pediatr Dermatol. 1999;16:90–94. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

5. Tyler I, Birmingham CL. The interrater reliability of physical signs in patients with eating disorders. Int J Eat Disord. 2001;30:343–345. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

6. Crocq M. De l’ “acrocyanose” Semaine Med. 1896;16:298. [Google Scholar]

7. Hallam R. The relationship between erythema pernio and acrocyanosis. Med Press Circ. 1930;129:408–412. [Google Scholar]

8. Merlen JF. Capillary disturbances in man. Clin Hemorheol. 1982;2:745–751. [Google Scholar]

9. Cannas F, Binaghi F. Nailfold capillaroscopy and laser Doppler flowmetry during standardised cold challenge to evaluate capillary pattern and digital flow in idiopathic acrocyanosis. Panminerva Med. 2002;44:123–127. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

10. Allegra C, Carlizza A, Pollari G, Inglese A. Acrocyanotic disease: experimental findings. In: Strano A, Novo A, editors. International congress series no. 868; Advances in vascular pathology 1989: proceedings of the 15th World Congress of the International Union of Angiology; Rome. 17–22 September 1989; Amsterdam; New York: Excerpta Medica; 1989. pp. 1221–1224. [Google Scholar]

11. WHO. International Classification of Diseases (ICD) Geneva: WHO; 2007. [Google Scholar]

12. Cooke JP, Marshall JM. Mechanisms of Raynaud’s disease. Vasc Med. 2005;10:293–307. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

13. Coffman JD. Acrocyanosis. In: Creager MA, Dzau VJ, Loscalzo J, editors. Vascular medicine: a companion to Braunwald’s heart disease. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier; 2006. p. 709. [Google Scholar]

14. Kimura T, Yoshizaki S, Tsushima N, Sano M, Hanai G. Buerger’s colour. Br J Surg. 1990;77:1299–1301. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

15. Adam A, Patterson DLH. Pulmonary hypertension associated with hepatic cirrhosis and primary acrocyanosis. J R Soc Med. 1981;74:689–691. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

16. Scott DD, King JC. Intermittent digital cyanosis as the sole presenting sign of pulmonary embolus: an unusual case report. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1994;75:692–694. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

17. Arcasoy SM, Lanken PN. Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:2133. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

18. Metin K, Karacelik M, Yavaccan O, et al. Surgical treatment of pulmonary arteriovenous malformation: report of two cases and review of the literature. J Int Med Res. 2005;33:467–471. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

19. DeWolfe CC. Apparent life-threatening event: a review. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2005;52:1127–1146. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

20. Hendrickx I, Monti M, Manasse E, Gallotti R. Severe cutaneous cholesterol emboli syndrome after coronary angiography. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 1999;15:215–217. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

21. Fernández MA, Andreu R, Fortea JM, Aznar J. The blue toe syndrome during oral anticoagulant therapy with acenocoumarol. Thromb Haemost. 2001;85:743. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

22. Schmidt WA, Wernicke D, Kiefer E, Gromnica-Ihle E. Colour duplex sonography of finger arteries in vasculitis and in systemic sclerosis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2006;65:265–267. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

23. Cholongitas E, Ioannidou D. Acrocyanosis due to cold agglutinins in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis. J Clin Rheumatol. 2009;15:375. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

24. Schneiderman H. Febrile young woman with delirium and mammary ulcers. Consultant. 1997;37:991–998. [Google Scholar]

25. Rustin MHA, Foreman JC, Dowd PM. Anorexia nervosa associated with acromegaloid features, onset of acrocyanosis and Raynaud’s phenomenon and worsening of chilblains. J R Soc Med. 1990;83:495–496. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

26. Davidson CS, Wilcke HL, Reiner PJ. A nutritional survey of starvation in a group of young men. J Lab Clin Med. 1946;31:721–734. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

27. Davidson CS, Wilcke HL, Fein HD, Reiner PJ. A nutrition survey of Viennese civilians under United States occupation, 1945. J Lab Clin Med. 1947;32:1470–1481. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

28. Neri P, Messerotti A, Lonardo A, Capatti C, Melini L. Acrocyanosis as a heralding sign of ovarian benign teratoma. Am J Hematol. 1996;53:53. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

29. Legrain S, Raguin G, Piette JC. Digital necrosis revealing ovarian cancer. Dermatology. 1999;199:183–184. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

30. Kuzniar TJ, Hinchcliff M, Zunamon A, Balagani R, Enzler M, Mandzij R. Severe reversible left ventricular dysfunction associated with multiple cardiac myxomata. Wiad Lek. 2007;60:291–293. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

31. Vanheste R, Vanhoenacker P, D’Haenens P. Primary cardiac lymphoma. J Belge Radiol. 2007;90:109–111. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

32. Solak Y, Aksoy S, Kilickap S, Celik I. Acrocyanosis as a presenting symptom of Hodgkin lymphoma. Am J Hematol. 2006;81:151–152. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

33. Stavem P, Rorvik T, Brandtzaeg P, Brosstad F, Nordhagen R, Grabner P. Gastric lymphoma causing granulocytopenia and cold intolerance, with recovery after treatment. J Intern Med. 1991;229:193–196. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

34. Pereira A, Mazzara R, Escoda L, Alcorta I, Nomdedeu B, Roelcke D. Anti-Sa cold agglutinin of IgA class requiring plasma-exchange therapy as early manifestation of multiple myeloma. Ann Hematol. 1993;66:315–318. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

35. Sagripanti A, Ferretti A, Nicolini A, Carpi A. Thrombotic and hemorrhagic complications in chronic myeloproliferative disorders. Biomed Pharmacother. 1996;50:376–382. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

36. Michiels JJ, Berneman Z, Schroyens W, Urk H. Aspirin-responsive painful red, blue, black toe, or finger syndrome in polycythemia vera associated with thrombocythemia. Ann Hematol. 2003;82:153–159. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

37. Shimizu A, Tamura A, Ishikawa O. Livedo racemosa as a cutaneous manifestation of polycythemia vera. Eur J Dermatol. 2006;16:312–313. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

38. Lauchli S, Widmer L, Lautenschlager S. Cold agglutinin disease—the importance of cutaneous signs. Dermatology. 2001;202:356–358. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

39. Sinha A, Richardson G, Patel RT. Cold agglutinin related acrocyanosis and paroxysmal haemolysis. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2005;30:563–565. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

40. Diogenes MJN, Diogenes PCN, de Morais Carneiro RM, Neto CCR, Duarte FB, Holanda RRA. Cutaneous manifestations associated with antiphospholipid antibodies. Int J Dermatol. 2004;43:632–637. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

42. Karakaya I, Aydoğan M, Coşkun A, Gökalp AS. Acrocyanosis as a side effect of tricyclic antidepressants: a case report. Turk J Pediatr. 2003;45:155–157. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

43. Campo-Voegeli A, Estrach T, Marti RM, Corominas N, Tuset M, Mascaro JM. Acrocyanosis induced by interferon alpha(2a) Dermatology. 1998;196:361–363. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

44. Watanabe M, Kohge N, Akagi S, Uchida Y, Sato S, Kinosh*ta Y. Congenital anomalies in a child born from a mother with interferon-treated chronic hepatitis B. Am J Gastroenterol. 2001;96:1668–1669. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

45. Tahara H, Kojima A, Hirokawa T, et al. Systemic sclerosis after interferon alphacon-1 therapy for hepatitis C. Intern Med. 2007;46:473–476. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

46. Klein M, Weksler N, Borer A, Koyfman L, Kesslin J, Gurman GM. Terlipressin facilitates transport of septic patients treated with norepinephrine. Isr Med Assoc J. 2006;8:691–693. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

47. Winkler MJ, Trunkey DD. Dopamine gangrene. Association with disseminated intravascular coagulation. Am J Surg. 1981;142:588–591. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

48. Mahe E, Morelon E, Lechaton S, et al. Cutaneous adverse events in renal in renal transplant recipients receiving sirolimus-based therapy. Transplantation. 2005;79:476–482. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

49. Nami R, Groppa A, Gennari C. Hypertension in the elderly. A controlled clinical trial of dihydroergotoxine mesylate and clonidine. Acta Therapeutica. 1984;10:53–67. [Google Scholar]

50. Ozaras R, Yemisen M, Mete B, Mert A, Ozturk R, Tabak F. Acrocyanosis developed with amphotericin B deoxycholate but not with amphotericin B lipid complex. Mycoses. 2007;50:242. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

51. Jiminez MA, Polena S, Coplan NL, Patel K, Gintautas J. Methemoglobinemia and transesophageal echo. Proc West Pharmacol Soc. 2007;50:134–135. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

52. Pearlman HS, Wollowick BS, Alvarez EV. Intra-arterial injection of propoxyphene into brachial artery. JAMA. 1970;214:2055–2057. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

53. Correia O, Ribas F, Azevedo R, Rodrigues H, Delgado L. Gangrene of the fingertips after bleomycin and methotrexate. Cutis. 2000;66:271–272. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

54. Reduction of respiratory syncytial virus hospitalization among premature infants and infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia using respiratory syncytial virus immune globulin prophylaxis. The PREVENT Study Group. Pediatrics. 1997;99:93–99. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

55. Stone MJ, Sausville EA, Fay JW, et al. A phase I study of bolus versus continuous infusion of the anti-CD19 immunotoxin, IgG-HD37-dgA, in patients with B-cell lymphoma. Blood. 1996;88:1188–1197. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

56. Hoegl L, Thoma-Greber E, Poppinger J, Rocken M. Butyl nitrite-induced acrocyanosis in an HIV-infected patient. Arch Dermatol. 1999;135:90–91. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

57. Borgono JM, Vicent P, Venturino H, Infante A. Arsenic in the drinking water of the city of Antofa*gasta: epidemiological and clinical study before and after the installation of a treatment plant. Environ Health Perspect. 1977;19:103–105. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

58. Yang CC, Deng JF. Clinical experience in poisonings following exposure to blasticidin S, a curiously strong fungicide. Vet Hum Toxicol. 1996;38:107–112. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

59. Burlina AB, Dionisi-Vici C, Bennett MJ, et al. A new syndrome with ethylmalonic aciduria and normal fatty acid oxidation in fibroblasts. J Pediatr. 1994;124:79–86. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

60. Grosso S, Mostardini R, Farnetani MA, et al. Ethylmalonic encephalopathy: further clinical and neuroradiological characterization. J Neurol. 2002;249:1446–1450. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

61. McGowan KA, Nyhan WL, Barshop BA, et al. The role of methionine in ethylmalonic encephalopathy with petechiae. Arch Neurol. 2004;61:570–574. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

62. Garcia-Silva MT, Campos Y, Ribes A, et al. Encephalopathy, petechiae, and acrocyanosis with ethylmalonic aciduria associated with muscle cytochrome c oxidase deficiency. J Pediatr. 1994;125:843–844. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

63. Garcia-Silva MT, Ribes A, Campos Y, Garavaglia B, Arenas J. Syndrome of encephalopathy, petechiae, and ethylmalonic aciduria. Pediatr Neurol. 1997;17:165–170. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

64. Bodemer C, Rotig A, Rustin P, et al. Hair and skin disorders as signs of mitochondrial disease. Pediatrics. 1999;103:428–433. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

65. Navarro V, Scott C, Briggs TA, et al. Two further cases of spondyloenchondrodysplasia (SPENCD) with immune dysregulation. Am J Med Genet A. 2008;146A:2810–2815. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

66. Ohtake N, Sou K, Tsukamoto K, Furue M, Tamaki K. Diffuse palmoplantar keratoderma associated with acrocyanosis and livedo reticularis. Two sporadic cases. Acta Derm Venereol. 1995;75:331. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

67. Fleming C, Rennie A, Fallowfield M, McHenry PM. Cutaneous manifestations of fucosidosis. Br J Dermatol. 1997;136:594–597. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

68. Madan V, Williams J, Lear JT. Dermatological manifestations of Down’s syndrome. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2006;31:623–629. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

69. Oiglane-Shlik E, Zordania R, Varendi H, et al. The neonatal phenotype of Prader-Willi syndrome. Am J Med Genet A. 2006;140A:1241–1244. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

70. Lotz BP, Schutte CM, Colin PF, Biermann LD. Sneddon’s syndrome with anticardiolipin antibodies—complications and treatment. S Afr Med J. 1993;83:663–664. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

71. Fujimoto K, Shimomura T, Okumura Y, Kimura F, Takahashi Y. Intracerebral hemorrhage associated with livedo racemosa. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2000;9:139–143. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

72. Abdel-Salam GMH, Zaki MS, Lebon P, Meguid NA. Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome: clinical and neuroradiological findings of 10 new cases. Acta Paediatr. 2004;93:929–936. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

73. Orcesi S, La Piana R, Fazzi E. Aicardi-Goutires syndrome. Br Med Bull. 2009;89:183–201. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

74. Yatsu F, Zussman W. Familial dysautonomia (Riley-Day syndrome). Case report with postmortem findings of a patient at age 31. Arch Neurol. 1964;10:459–463. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

75. Kobayasi T, Ullman S. Ehlers Danlos syndrome. Eur J Dermatol. 1995;5:167–168. [Google Scholar]

76. Kobayasi T, Ullman S. Twisted collagen fibrils in acrocyanosis. Eur J Dermatol. 1999;9:285–288. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

77. McMeekin H. Autonomic peripheral vascular dysregulation and mood disorder. J Affect Disord. 2002;71:277–279. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

78. Carpenter PK, Morris D. Association of acrocyanosis with Asperger’s syndrome. J Ment Defic Res. 1990;34(Pt 1):87–90. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

79. Stewart JM. Chronic orthostatic intolerance and the postural tachycardia syndrome (POTS) J Pediatr. 2004;145:725–730. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

80. Twist DJ. Acrocyanosis in a spinal cord injured patient— effects of computer-controlled neuromuscular electrical stimulation: a case report. Phys Ther. 1990;70:45–49. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

81. Rosen Z, Davis E. Conjunctival and nailbed biomicroscopy in atrophic ozenatous rhinopathy. Pract Otorhinolaryngol (Basel) 1970;32:356–363. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

82. Boettger MK, Bar KJ, Dohrmann A, et al. Increased vagal modulation in atopic dermatitis. J Dermatol Sci. 2009;53:55–59. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

83. Kounis NG, Hahalis G, Theoharides TC. Coronary stents, hypersensitivity reactions, and the Kounis syndrome. J Interv Cardiol. 2007;20:314–323. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

84. Aubin F, Dufour MP, Risold JC, Lucas A, Humbert P. Nailfold capillary microscopy in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients: a case–control study. Microvasc Res. 1999;58:197–199. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

85. Semel JD. Cutaneous findings in a case of psittacosis. Arch Dermatol. 1984;120:1227–1229. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

86. Valamparampil JJ, Chirakkarot S, Letha S, Jayakumar C, Gopinathan KM. Clinical profile of Chikungunya in infants. Ind J Pediatr. 2009;76:151–155. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

87. Dickerman JD, Howard P, Dopp S, Staley R. Infectious mononucleosis initially seen as cold-induced acrocyanosis: association with auto-anti-M and anti-I antibodies. Am J Dis Child. 1980;134:159–160. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

88. Iguchi S, Toba K, Fuse I, et al. Severe cryoglobulinemia in a patient with asymptomatic hepatitis C virus infection. Intern Med. 1996;35:712–716. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

89. Del Giudice P, Durant J, Dellamonica P. Hand edema and acrocyanosis: ‘puffy hand syndrome’ Arch Dermatol. 2006;142:1084–1085. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

90. Studdiford JS, Stonehouse AR, Anandanadesan R, Scott KC. Association between the ‘puffy-hand sign’ and chronic hepatitis C in a geriatric patient. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2007;55:1694–1695. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

91. Stern ES. The aetiology and pathology of acrocyanosis. Br J Dermatol. 1937;49:100–108. [Google Scholar]

92. Mak OT. Prostacyclin production in vascular endothelium of patients with Blackfoot disease. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1988;242:119–125. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

93. Tseng WP. Effects and dose–response relationships of skin cancer and blackfoot disease with arsenic. Environ Health Perspect. 1977;19:109–119. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

94. Maniura-Weber K, Taylor RW, Johnson MA, et al. A novel point mutation in the mitochondrial tRNA(Trp) gene produces a neurogastrointestinal syndrome. Eur J Hum Genet. 2004;12:509–512. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

95. Sivula A. Vascular reactions in acrocyanosis. Angiology. 1966;17:269–274. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

96. Lottenbach K. Vascular response to cold in acrocyanosis. Helv Med Acta. 1967;33:437–444. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

97. Feller SR, Dockery GL. Vasospastic diseases. Diagnosis and management. Clin Podiatr Med Surg. 1986;3:463–471. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

98. Merlen JF. Paradoxes of acrocyanosis. Adv Microcirc. 1982;10:95–100. [Google Scholar]

100. Hediger C, Rost B, Itin P. Cutaneous manifestations in anorexia nervosa. Schweiz Med Wochenschr. 2000;130:565–575. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

101. Poszepczynska-Guigne E, Viguier M, Chosidow O, Orcel B, Emmerich J, Dubertret L. Paraneoplastic acral vascular syndrome: epidemiologic features, clinical manifestations, and disease sequelae. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2002;47:47–52. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

102. Nousari HC, Kimyai-Asadi A, Anhalt GJ. Chronic idiopathic acrocyanosis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2001;45(6 suppl):S207–208. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

103. Piovella C, Fratti L, Fontana S. Modification of the terminal circulation in Raynaud’s disease and acrocyanosis. Bibl Anat. 1965;7:552–558. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

104. Briscoe G. Observation on venous and capillary pressures with special reference to the Raynaud Phenomena. Heart. 1918;7:35. [Google Scholar]

105. Boas EP. The capillaries of the extremities in acrocyanosis; blood pressure and morphology. JAMA. 1922;79:1404–1406. [Google Scholar]

106. Bollinger A, Mahler F, Meier B. Velocity patterns in nailfold capillaries of normal subjects and patients with Raynaud’s disease and acrocyanosis. Bibl Anat. 1977;16(Pt 2):142–145. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

107. Bollinger A. Function of the precapillary vessels in peripheral vascular disease. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1985;7(suppl 3):S147–151. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

108. Jacobs MJ, Breslau PJ, Slaaf DW, Reneman RS, Lemmens JA. Nomenclature of Raynaud’s phenomenon: a capillary microscopic and hemorheologic study. Surgery. 1987;101:136–145. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

109. Hillestad LK. The peripheral circulation during exposure to cold in normals and in patients with the syndrome of high-titre cold haemagglutination. I. The vascular response to cold exposure in normal subjects. Acta Med Scand. 1959;164:203–229. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

110. Lewis T, Landis EM. Observations upon the vascular mechanism in acrocyanosis. Heart. 1929;15:229–246. [Google Scholar]

111. Elliot AH, Evans RD, Stone CS. Acrocyanosis: a study of the circulatory fault. Am Heart J. 1936;11:431–443. [Google Scholar]

112. Skouby AP. Studies in acrocyanosis. Acta Med Scand. 1949;134:335–345. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

113. Mangiafico RA, Malatino LS, Santonocito M, Spada RS, Tamburino G. Plasma endothelin-1 concentrations during cold exposure in essential acrocyanosis. Angiology. 1996;47:1033–1038. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

114. Sagher F, Davis E, Sheskin J, Landau J. The small blood vessels of the skin in acrocyanosis. Comparison of biomicroscopy and biopsy findings. Br J Dermatol. 1966;78:586–589. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

115. Stern S, Davis E, Landau J. Impaired ‘arterialization’ of the venous blood of the hand in Raynaud’s disease and acrocyanosis. Angiology. 1961;12:385–387. [Google Scholar]

117. Cimminiello C, Arpaia G, Milani M, et al. Platelet function in patients with acrocyanosis. Vasa. 1987;16:12–15. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

118. Fuller HD. Cyanosis of the hands following the use of alphaprodine in dental anaesthesia. Can Anaesth Soc J. 1986;33:213–215. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

119. Ertem K. Prolonged transient hand ischaemia secondary to a penicillin skin test. J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2007;32:723–725. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

120. Tseng C-H. An overview on peripheral vascular disease in blackfoot disease-hyperendemic villages in Taiwan. Angiology. 2002;53:529–537. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

121. Shen MC, Tseng WP, Chen CS. Increased circulating platelet aggregates and coagulation factors in patients with Blackfoot disease. Taiwan Yi Xue Hui Za Zhi. 1983;82:816–821. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

122. Frankel DH, Larson RA, Lorincz AL. Acral lividosis – A sign of myeloproliferative diseases. Hyperleukocytosis syndrome in chronic myelogenous leukemia. Arch Dermatol. 1987;123:921–924. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

123. Sharma BD, Kabra SR, Gupta B. Symmetrical peripheral gangrene. Trop Doct. 2004;34:2–4. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

124. Wakeling A, Russell GF. Disturbances in the regulation of body temperature in anorexia nervosa. Psychol Med. 1970;1:30–39. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

125. Clement DL. Effect of indoramin on finger blood flow in vasospastic patients. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1978;14:331–333. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

126. Noyer CM. Sertraline, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, unmasking carcinoid syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol. 1997;92:1387–1388. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

127. Zufferey P, Depairon M, Chamot AM, Monti M. Prognostic significance of nailfold capillary microscopy in patients with Raynaud’s phenomenon and scleroderma-pattern abnormalities. A six-year follow-up study. Clin Rheumatol. 1992;11:536–541. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

128. Davis MDP, Wilkins F, Rooke TW. Between episodes of erythromelalgia: A spectrum of colors. Arch Dermatol. 2006;142:1085–1086. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

129. Benchikhi H, Roujeau JC, Levent M, Gouault-Heilmann M, Revuz J, Cosnes A. Chilblains and Raynaud phenomenon are usually not a sign of hereditary protein C and S deficiencies. Acta Derm Venereol. 1998;78:351–352. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

130. Klein-Weigel P, Rein P, Kronenberg F, et al. Microcirculatory assessment of vascular acrosyndrome in anorexia nervosa and analysis of manifestation factors. J Psychosom Res. 2004;56:145–148. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

131. Strumia R, Varotti E, Manzato E, Gualandi M. Skin signs in anorexia nervosa. Dermatology. 2001;203:314–317. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

132. Peaco*ck JH. A comparative study of the digital cutaneous temperatures and hand blood flows in the normal hand, primary Raynaud’s disease and primary acrocyanosis. Clin Sci. 1959;18:25–33. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

133. Davis E, Landau J. Clinical capillary microscopy. Springfield, IL: CC Thomas; 1966. [Google Scholar]

134. Blockmans D, Beyens G, Verhaeghe R. Predictive value of nailfold capillaroscopy in the diagnosis of connective tissue diseases. Clin Rheumatol. 1996;15:148–153. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

135. Ingegnoli F, Gualtierotti R, Lubatti C, et al. Feasibility of different capillaroscopic measures for identifying nailfold microvascular alterations. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2009;38:289–295. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

136. Monticone G, Colonna L, Palermi G, Bono R, Puddu P. Quantitative nailfold capillary microscopy findings in patients with acrocyanosis compared with patients having systemic sclerosis and control subjects. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2000;42:787–790. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

137. Dobrev HP. Capi text V. 1-- data analysis software for nail-fold skin capillaroscopy. Folia Med (Plovdiv) 2007;49:84–87. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

138. Vayssairat M, Abuaf N, Deschamps A, et al. Nailfold capillary microscopy in patients with anticardiolipin antibodies: a case–control study. Dermatology. 1997;194:36–40. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

139. Maricq HR. Comparison of quantitative and semiquantitative estimates of nailfold capillary abnormalities in scleroderma spectrum disorders. Microvasc Res. 1986;32:271–276. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

140. Arpaia G, Cimminiello C, Milani M, et al. A new capillaroscopic assessment of microvascular damage vs Maricq classification in patients with isolated Raynaud phenomenon. Int Angiol. 1989;8:129–133. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

141. Lefford F, Edwards JC. Nailfold capillary microscopy in connective tissue disease: a quantitative morphological analysis. Ann Rheum Dis. 1986;45:741–749. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

142. Poole CJ. Cold haemagglutinin disease misdiagnosed as hand-arm vibration syndrome. Occup Med (Lond) 2008;58:219–221. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

143. Yucel AE, Kart-Koseoglu H, Demirhan B, Ozdemir FN. Cholesterol crystal embolization mimicking vasculitis: success with corticosteroid and cyclophosphamide therapy in two cases. Rheumatol Int. 2006;26:454–460. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

144. Karmody AM, Powers SR, Monaco VJ, Leather RP. ‘Blue toe’ syndrome. An indication for limb salvage surgery. Arch Surg. 1976;111:1263–1268. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

145. Feder W, Auerbach R. ‘Purple toes’: an uncommon sequela of oral coumarin drug therapy. Ann Intern Med. 1961;55:911–917. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

146. Otsubo H, Kaito K, Takahashi H, et al. Cholesterol emboli following percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty as speculated by toe skin biopsy. Intern Med. 1995;34:134–137. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

147. Tamura K, Umemura M, Yano H, et al. Acute renal failure due to cholesterol crystal embolism treated with LDL apheresis followed by corticosteroid and candesartan. Clin Exp Nephrol. 2003;7:67–71. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

148. Hirschmann JV, Raugi GJ. Blue (or purple) toe syndrome. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2009;60:1–20. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

149. Brown PJ, Zirwas MJ, English JC. The purple digit: an algorithmic approach to diagnosis. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2010;11:103–116. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

150. McAllister SF, Cleary JD. Blue digits: cyanosis resulting from norepinephrine treatment. Ann Pharmacother. 2005;39:383–384. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

151. Lutwak L. An acute terminal episode with fever, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and acrocyanosis in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Med. 1964;37:294–304. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

152. Lin YC, Liang TH, Chang HN, Lin JS, Lin HY. Behcet disease associated with myelodysplastic syndrome. J Clin Rheumatol. 2008;14:169–174. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

153. Smith P, Rice M, Ricci N, Toogood I, Roberton D. A case of Burkitt’s lymphoma presenting with digital ischaemia. Acta Paediatr. 1993;82:217–219. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

154. Chuang SS, Lin CC. Cold agglutininemia with acrocyanosis in multicentric Castleman’s disease: a case report. Changgeng Yi Xue Za Zhi. 1995;18:378–382. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

155. Wulffraat N, Meyer KJT, Zegers BJM, Kuis W. Familial presence of primary cryofibrinogenaemia, a report of three cases. Br J Rheumatol. 1996;35:102–104. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

156. Young S, Haldane G. Major colorectal surgery in a patient with cold agglutinin disease. Anaesthesia. 2006;61:593–596. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

157. Salluh JIF, Soares M, Meis ED. Antiphospholipid antibodies and multiple organ failure in critically ill cancer patients. Clinics. 2009;64:79–82. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

158. Naldi L, Locati F, Marchesi L, et al. Cutaneous manifestations associated with antiphospholipid antibodies in patients with suspected primary antiphospholipid syndrome: a case–control study. Ann Rheum Dis. 1993;52:219–222. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

159. Vayssairat M, Abuaf N, Baudot N, Deschamps A, Gaitz JP. Abnormal IgG cardiolipin antibody titers in patients with Raynaud’s phenomenon and/or related disorders: prevalence and clinical significance. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1998;38:555–558. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

160. Shyong EQ, Gorevic P, Lebwohl M, Phelps RG. Reactive angioendotheliomatosis and sarcoidosis. Int J Dermatol. 2002;41:894–897. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

161. Martens HA, Bijl M. Blue-purple ears. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;56:673. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

162. Porras-Luque JI, Fernandez-Herrera J, Dauden E, Fraga J, Fernandez-Villalta MJ, Garcia-Diez A. Cutaneous necrosis by cold agglutinins associated with glomeruloid reactive angioendotheliomatosis. Br J Dermatol. 1998;139:1068–1072. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

163. Stewart JM. Pooling in chronic orthostatic intolerance: arterial vasoconstrictive but not venous compliance defects. Circulation. 2002;105:2274–2281. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

164. Stewart JM, Weldon A. The relation between lower limb pooling and blood flow during orthostasis in the postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome of adolescents. J Pediatr. 2001;138:512–519. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

165. McGowan KA, Barshop BA, Naviaux RK, Haas RH, Yu A, Nyhan WL. Ethylmalonic encephalomyopathy with petechiae: reduction in ethylmalonic acid excretion with methionine restriction and delineation of coagulopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1996;37:24A. [Google Scholar]

166. Zackheim HS, Farber EM, Aschheim E. Effect of low molecular weight dextran on acrocyanosis and scleroderma. Dermatologica. 1969;139:145–153. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

167. Kamimura M. Comparative studies of the effects of alpha-tocopheryl nicotinate and the combination alpha-tocopheryl acetate and nicotinic acid. Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 1973;19:375–381. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

168. Holti G. Experimentally controlled evaluation of vasoactive drugs in digital ischemia. Angiology. 1978;29:89–94. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

169. Jordaan HF. The diagnosis and management of perniosis (chilblains) South African Family Practice. 2007;49:28–29. [Google Scholar]

170. Rickles JA. Ambulatory use of sympathetic nerve blocks: present day clinical indications. Angiology. 1977;28:394–402. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

171. Di Lorenzo N, Sica GS, Sileri P, Gaspari AL. Thoracoscopic sympathectomy for vasospastic diseases. J Soc Laparoendosc Surg. 1998;2:249–253. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

172. Moini M, Rasouli MR. Thoracoscopic servicothoracic sympathectomy for treatment of upper extremity ischemia. World J Surg. 2008;32:331–332. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

173. Allegra C, Tonelli V. Results of a double-blind placebo controlled study with a serotonine selective antagonist (ketanserin) in the treatment of 30 patients with acrocyanotic syndrome. Clinica e Terapia Cardiovascolare. 1985;4:39–45. [Google Scholar]

174. Chang CH, Yu HS, Chen GS, Wang MT, Ko SS. Study on blackfoot disease: with special reference to evaluating its cutaneous microcirculatory status. Gaoxiong Yi Xue Ke Xue Za Zhi. 1993;9:559–566. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

175. Hattori N, Ishii N, Ariizumi H, et al. Improvement of the thermal amplitude after rituximab treatment for cold agglutinin disease with Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia. Ann Hematol. 2010;89:103–104. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

176. Talamo G, Claxton D, Tricot G, Fink L, Zangari M. Response to bortezomib in refractory type I cryoglobulinemia. Am J Hematol. 2008;83:883–884. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

177. Maeda M, Inaba S, Nomura A, et al. Vaccination of a refractory essential monoclonal cryoglobulinemia patient with cryoglobulin-pulsed dendritic cells. Leuk Lymphoma. 2000;39:441–446. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]